OUTLINE by Paul Nervy Copyright (c) 2006 by Paul Nervy Visit www.paulnervy.com. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww LITERATURE Contents Books short list Literary criticism and literary theory Philosophy of literature Genres Literary terms Prose. Poetry. Drama. More literary terms. History of world literature (See history database) Themes in world literature wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww BOOKS. SHORT LIST. REFERENCE State of the World Atlas (Good to help develop a global perspective). Encyclopedia Britannica. (Available in your local public library). Wikipedia. A good geographic atlas. A good history of the world. PHILOSOPHY Oxford Companion to Philosophy. (A good single volume encyclopedia of philosophy). Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy Dennett, Daniel. "Freedom Evolves". "Darwin's Dangerous Idea". "Consciousness Explained". Wittgenstein, Ludwig. PSYCHOLOGY Pinker, Stephen. "How the Mind Works". Gardener, Howard. Goleman, Dan. "Emotional Intelligence". Ellis, Albert. (A classic. Developer of Rational Emotive Therapy). Freud, Sigmund. (A classic. Developer of psychoanalysis). SOCIOLOGY Oxford dictionary of Sociology. POLITCS Chomsky, Noam. "Understanding Power: The Indispensable Noam Chomsky". (read this first). Rawls, John. "Theory of Justice" Get a book about political activism. LAW Dworkin, Ronald. "Law's Empire". SCIENCE Wilson, Edward O. "Conscilience" ASTRONOMY Peterson Guide to Astronomy. With star maps by Wil Tiron. (and a pair of 10x50 binoculars). Gallelei, Gallileo. (A classic). PHYSICS Greene, Brian. "Fabric of the Cosmos". Hawking, Stephen. "Brief History of Time" Einstein, Albert. (A classic). Newton, Issac. (A classic). CHEMISTRY BIOLOGY Gould, Stephen Jay. "Structure of Evolutionary Theory". Darwin, Charles. "Origin of Species". (a classic). ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY Carson, Rachel. "Silent Spring". (A classic). Green Yellow Pages. EARTH SCIENCE. TECHNOLOGY COMPUTERS Stallman, Richard. The philosophy of Free Software. (RMS started the Free Software movement) HEALTH FEMINISM. Simone DeBeauvoir, "The Second Sex". PEACE, NOT WAR. ECONOMICS Sachs, Jeffrey. "The End of Poverty". (Development economics) Sen, Amartya. "Development as Freedom". (Development economics) Keynes, J.M. (A classic of progressive economic theory) Read a history of the Labor movement. Make the labor movement strong again. BUSINESS. Adbusters magazine. HISTORY, CURRENT, FUTURE. Diamond, Jared. "Guns, Germs and Steel". Zinn, Howard. "People's History of the United States" Kaku, Michio. "Visons". THE ARTS LITERATURE. Orwell, George. 1984. (Now more than ever). MUSIC Listen to a history of Blues, Jazz, Rock and World Music. VISUAL ARTS. See the great works of art. Gombrich, E.H. "The Story of Art". MOVIES. See the classic movies. Roger Ebert's two volumes on the great movies. MAGIC, MYTH AND RELIGION. Boyer, Pascal. "Religion Explained". Russell, Bertrand. "Why I Am Not A Christian". (A classic). OTHER Nation magazine Progressive magazine Z Magazine wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww LITERARY CRITICISM AND LITERARY THEORY wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Schools of literary criticism wwwwwwwwww Philosophical literary criticism. Metaphysical concepts, categories, entities. Epistemological arguments, premises, conclusions. Explicit. Implicit. Ethical views portrayed in story. wwwwwwwwww Psychological literary criticism Perceptions. Memories. Feelings. Thoughts. Attitudes. Personalities. Pathology. Psychoanalytic criticism. Freudianism. Jungian criticism. Archetypes. Modern eclectic psychological criticism. wwwwwwwwww Sociological literary criticism Micro-sociological literary criticism Communication. Sex. Friends. Enemies. Strangers. Conflict. Cooperation. Interaction criticism. Analysis of interaction of characters. Macro-sociological literary criticism Societal criticism. Cultural criticism. Analysis of the society and culture that the characters inhabit. Political literary criticism. Analyze power relationships in the story. Politics and literature. Political repression of writers. Lack of free speech. Censorship. Ex. Nazi Germany and Stalinist Russia. Persecution of artists and journalists. Book banning. Book burning. Resistance via Samizdat. Economic literary criticism. Analyze money relationships in the story. Economics and literature. Labor literature. Literature that represents the struggle of the working person against exploitation by corporations. Marxist criticism. Frankfurt School Critical theory wwwwwwwwww Technological literary criticism. Examine the role of technology in the story. Technology and literature. Science fiction Cyber lit. William Gibson. Neal Stephenson. wwwwwwwwww Feminist literary criticism. Examine the roles of women in the story. The relationship of women to men. wwwwwwwwww Ecological literary criticism. Examine the role of nature in the story. The relationship of humans to nature. wwwwwwwwww Other schools of literary theory and criticism Hermeneutics. Russian Formalism New School Chicago School Deconstruction: text Narratology Grammartology Criticism Metacriticism Hermeneutics Discourse Analysis Interpretation and translation. Formalism Russian school New Criticism New Formalism Historical criticism New historicism Phenomenological criticism. Existentialist criticism. Classicism in literature Romanticism in literature Modernism T.S. Elliot Ezra Pound Postmodernism Structuralism Post-Structuralism Author-centered concepts Intention. Why did the author write the work? For money? Reader-centered concepts Reader response theory Reception theory Audience. Work-centered concepts Text Work Multi-author works. Works by same author over long period of time. Versions or editions of a work. Ouevre The body of works by a single author. Discourse Narrative High school criticism. Describe the plot, theme, characters, settings, action, etc. Criticism by genre: Non-fiction. Fiction. Novels. Poetry. Drama. Criticism by theme. Criticism by plot. wwwwwwwwww Non-fiction criticism How much information does the work communicate? How true is it? How new is it? How important is it? Analysis of arguments. biographical criticism autobiographical criticism Fiction criticism. How believable is it? Stories that are "believable vs. "not believable". wwwwwwwwww Literary theorists (see history database) wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww PHILOSOPHY OF LITERATURE What is literature? Various definitions of literature. What good is literature? Defenses of literature. Criticisms of literature. Words, texts. Fiction. Metaphysical status of fictional characters. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww GENRES Prose Non-fiction Fiction Novel. Fantasy. Sci Fi. Adventure. Westerns. Realism. Short story Poetry Rhymed Unrhymed wwwwwwwwww Types of genres. Prose genres Adventure Romance Sci-fi Fantasy. Autobiography. Biography. Bildungs roman. Comedy, satire, parody. Courtroom. Essay, thesis, argument, polemic, monograph. Gothic, horror, ghost. Historical Travel, picaresque. Short story, novella. Long story, epic. Personal level. Family level. Society level. Community level. Town stories. City stories. Nation level. World level. Social protest. Tragedy. Conflict. War stories. Crime stories. Cooperation. Love stories. Friendship stories. Justice stories. Morality tales. Blues Dada Epigram and Aphorism Love. Love poetry. Love stories. Beat generation. Cyber-punk. Type of sci-fi. Decadent poets Confessional poets Detective story. Mystery novel. wwwwwwwwww Westerns. Easterns. wwwwwwwwww War novels. Peace novels. wwwwwwwwww Utopian lit. Dystopian lit. wwwwwwwwww Chick lit Lad lit. wwwwwwwwww Psych lit. Thoughts, emotions, memories. Soc lit. Family. School. Work. Pol lit. Protest lit. v Establishment lit. Econ lit. Money. Greed. Rich and poor. Poverty. Labor. wwwwwwwwww Travel lit. Staying put lit. wwwwwwwwww Leisure lit. Sport lit. Work lit. wwwwwwwwww Illness. Death. wwwwwwwwww Nature lit. Adventure lit. Journey lit. Exotic. Foreign. South seas. wwwwwwwwww Dream lit. wwwwwwwwww Essay. wwwwwwwwww Fable. Myth. wwwwwwwwww Road novel. Picaresque. wwwwwwwwww Historical novel. wwwwwwwwww Genres Styles Movements and schools. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww LITERARY TERMS wwwwwwwwww Novels Short stories wwwwwwwwww Plot Types of plot. The journey. Road novels. The circular journey. The happy ending. The sad ending. wwwwwwwwww Theme Subject, view, argument. Types of themes. Stories about people. Love stories. Conflict stories. Stories about Nature. Stories about places. The city. The suburbs. (ex. Updike) Rural areas. wwwwwwwwww Character Types of characters. Protagonist. Hero. Antagonist. Villain. Stories where animals are the characters. Ex. Aesop's Fables. Ex. Orwell's "Animal Farm". Ex. "Watership down". Stories where aliens are the characters. Ex. Sci Fi. wwwwwwwwww Setting Setting refers to the time and place in which the story takes place. Does the story take place at a single time and place, or does it jump around to various times and places? Does the story follow the natural flow of time forward, or does the story contain flashbacks and other techniques that disrupt the natural flow of time? Historical novels. Futuristic novels. wwwwwwwwww Tense Tense refers to how the grammar of the language expresses time. Types of tense. Past tense. Example: "He did this. She did that." Present tense. Example: "He is doing this. She is doing that." Future tense. Example: "He will do this. She will do that." wwwwwwwwww Tone Tone is the emotional mood of the author, narrator or story. Types of tone. Positive. Optimistic. Hopeful. Negative. Pessimistic. wwwwwwwwww Narration. Narration refers to who is telling the story. Look who's talking. Types of narrator. Omniscient narrator. First person narration. I did this or that. Third person narration. He or she did this or that. A story that is all dialogue can have no narrator. A story that is all monologue can have no narrator (?). wwwwwwwwww Structure Elements of structure. Exposition. Tension, Conflict. Denouement, Climax. Resolution. wwwwwwwwww Action wwwwwwwwww Other terms Stream of consciousness. Joyce. Faulkner. Spontaneous prose. Beats. Irony. Symbolism. Abstract vs. concrete language. Denotation vs. connotation. Monologue. Dialogue Multi-logue Description wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww PROSE. Tendancies to standardize. Vocabulary. Grammar. Spelling. Punctuation. Tendancies to unique individuals Voice. Style. Tone. Subject matter. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww POETRY wwwwwwwwww Poem Poetry Poetics Prosody wwwwwwwwww Types of poetry. Haiku. Limerick. Couplet. Sonnet. Lyric. Epic. Ode. Elegy. Dirge. Songs. Ballads. wwwwwwwwww Rhyme. Rhyme supplies the melody. Rhyme is based on vowels. End rhyme Internal rhyme. Set rhymes. Near rhymes. No rhyme. wwwwwwwwww Rythmn Rhythm supplies the beat. Rhythm is based on consonants. Alliteration of consonants Rhythm is also based on number of syllables. Rhythm is also based on stress of syllables. Set rhythms. In the old days, people liked there poetry to have a set rhythm and a set rhyme. It was easy to understand. Later on, rhythm and rhyme were freed up. Syncopation. Jazz influenced poetry. No rhythm. wwwwwwwwww Foot. Types of feet Equal stress. Stressed and unstressed. Unstressed and stressed. Iambic. wwwwwwwwww Meter. Types of meter. One foot. Two feet. Three feet. Four feet. Five feet. Pentameter. For example, iambic pentameter. wwwwwwwwww Structure Couplet - two lines Types of couplets. A, A. A, B. ? - three lines Types of three line poetry. A, A, A. A, B, A. A, A, B. A, B, B. Quatrain - four lines. Types of four line stanzas. A, A, A, A. A, A, B, B. Two rhymed couplets. A, B, B, A. A, B, A, B. Octavio - eight lines Nine - nine lines. Three groups of three. Sonnet - sixteen lines. Four quatrains. Free structures No set number of lines. wwwwwwwwww Free verse. Blank verse. No set number of lines. No set number of feet per line. No set cadence of feet. No set rhyme. No set rhythm. Some poetry has no rhyme, no rhythm, and no structure, and yet it is still good poetry. People who believe poetry has to have rhythm, rhyme and structure are like people who don't appreciate abstract expressionism in the visual arts. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww DRAMA wwwwwwwwww Comedy Wit Absurd. wwwwwwwwww Tragedy wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww More Literary terms wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Philosophy and literature Semiotics. Sign. Signifier, signified. Signifying Symbol. Symbolism. Code. Semantics Interpretation and translation. Reference Representation Imitation Speech act theory Austin, JL Searle, John wwwwwwwwww Language. Linguistics. Langue/parole. Speaking and listening. Writing and reading. Literature. Comparative literature. Criticism. wwwwwwwwww Criticism: to think Theory Literary criticism Literary theory wwwwwwwwww written tradition oral tradition wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww French literary theory wwwwwwwwww Deconstruction. Derrida Discourse. Text. Absence and presence. wwwwwwwwww French psychoanalytic criticism Lacan, Jacques. wwwwwwwwww French feminist criticism Irigaray, Luce. Kristeva, Julia Cixous, Helen Ecriture feminine. wwwwwwwwww More French philosophers Lyotard Baurillard Guttari Deleuze Foucault. Episteme. Ecriture. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Postcolonial Cultural studies. Orientalism Said, Edward wwwwwwwwww Minorities in literature Native-american literature. Afro-american literature. Hispanic-american literature. Aisan-american literature. Indigenous people's literature wwwwwwwwww Affective fallacy. art for arts sake authority Book. Book as a physical object. argument contextualism composition definition dissemination disinterestedness Connotation and denotation Empathy and sympathy Subjectivity and objectivity Abstract and concrete. Bracketing. Cannon. Centre/decentre. Margins. Periphery. Focus. Foreground. Background. Communicative action. Jurgen Habermas. Hegemony. Power. Hermeneutics. Hermeneutic circle. Ideal reader. Ideology. Indeterminacy. Intention. Intersubjectivity. Intertextuality. Irony. Lebenswelt. Meta-language. Metaphor. Simile. Analogy. Reification. Self and other. Subject and object. Readerly and writerly texts. Text. Textuality. Sub-text. Trace. Allusion. Anecdote. Apollonian and Dionysian Apothegm. Censorship. Conflict. Defamiliarization. Convention. Trope. Monologue. Dialogue. Diction. Feeling. Emotion in literature. Point of view. Rhetoric. Sound Tension Resolution Narrative. People mind in narrative. People communicate in narrative. wwwwwwwwww Author Reader wwwwwwwwww Comedy Parody. Satire. Farce. Pastiche. wwwwwwwwww Pastoral. Rural novel. Idyll. Rustic. wwwwwwwwww Ballad. Lyric. Verse. Chorus. wwwwwwwwww Allegory. wwwwwwwwww Atmosphere. Tone. Attitude. wwwwwwwwww Gothic. Grotesque. Horror wwwwwwwwww Humanism New humanism wwwwwwwwww sincerity spontaneity originality. wwwwwwwwww Classicism. Romanticism. Realism. Surrealism. Modernism. Post modernism. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww HISTORY OF WORLD LITERATURE (see history database) wwwwwwwwww Utopian and dystopian novels Novels about utopian futures Utopia by Thomas More Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy Novels about dystopian futures Erehwon by ? Time Machine by H.G. Wells We by Zamyatan Brave New World by Aldous Huxley 1984 by George Orwell wwwwwwwwww War literature more accurately called anti-war literature WWI Erich Maria Remarque - All Quiet on the Western Front Wildred Owen - WWI poet WWII Joseph Heller - Catch 22 Norman Mailer The Naked and the Dead Ellie Wiesel - Night Primo Levi - holocaust literature Other wars Stephen Crane - Red Badge of Courage Hemingway - Farewell to Arms Spy literature Ian Flemming John le Carre Graham Grene wwwwwwwwww Literature of geographic exploration. Armchair explorers Polar exploration Byrd. Amundsen. Shackleton. Mountains Irvine and Mallory Sir Edmund Hillary Jungles Stanely and Livingston Desserts TE Lawrence Ocean exploration Space exploration Other Louis and Clark wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Humor and comedy (books, audio recordings, video recordings) Lenny Bruce George Carlin. Brain droppings. Richard Pryor Jonathan Winters Bill Cosby George Kaufman Robert Benchley. My Ten Years in a Quandary Groening, Matt. The Hell Series. Monty Python wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Themes in World Literature Nature, Wilderness, Mountains, Desert, Jungle, Primitives Edward Abbey John McPhee Explorers literature Rural life Suburbs City Home life (marriage, family, love) Public life (power and money, politics and business, greed and ambition) Childhood and adolescence Adulthood Old age Love and friendship Conflict and competition Emotions Celebration, Happiness and fun and joy Anxiety, Anger, Depression, Pride, Envy, Jealousy, Shame, Embarrassment,