OUTLINE
 
by Paul Nervy
Copyright (c) 2006 by Paul Nervy
 
Visit www.paulnervy.com.


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HEALTH AND MEDICINE

CONTENTS

Health
	Diet, exercise, sleep

Medicine
	Human anatomy and physiology
	Pathology
	Therapeutics

Medical system
	Alternative medicine

History of Medicine

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HEALTH

The entire world.  Worldwide health.
Worldwide, what is the state of health?
How many people are healthy?
How many people are unhealthy?
What conditions are the biggest challenges to worldwide health?
What ways can health be measured?  By life expectancy?
What factors contribute to health?
What factors impede health.

The entire body.
Physical health and psychological health.


Diet

Exercise

Elements of exercise 
Stretching.
Strength training
Endurance training.  Cardio-pulmonary.
Balance and coordination.


Sleep
Get plenty of sleep.  Eight hours a night.
Skip caffeine.
Insomnia.


Safety

Driving safety.
Wear a seat belt.
Drive defensively.  Look out for other drivers.
Learn how to drive on wet, snowy and icy roads.

Don't slip on ice or wet floors.



Meditation
Yoga


Challenges to health.
Smoking
Alcohol and drugs.
Unsafe sex.
Eating poorly.  Overeating.  Eating junk food.
Sleep deprivation.
Lack of exercise.  
Too much exercise.  Exhaustion.  Overuse injuries.
Illness.
Injury.
Psychological traumas.





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MEDICINE


Which are the most common injuries and illnesses?

Which are the most deadly or disabling illnesses and injuries?

Which are the most common deadly or disabling illnesses or injuries?



Leading causes of death
Heart disease.  Lack of exercise.  Too much food.
Obesity.  Lack of exercise.  Too much food.
Smoking.  Emphesyma.
Cancer.  Poor environment.  Poor diet.  Smoking.


Economics of medicine
Medical insurance.  Cost of insurance to consumers and employers.
Actual medical costs.
What hospitals charge over and above actual costs.


Medicine varies with the level of medical knowledge or medical science.  Medicine varies with the level of medical technology.

Three levels of medicine.  Examples of each.
First.  Natural medicines.  Plant based.
Second.  Simple chemistry.  Simple physics.  Simple machines.
Third.  Electronics.  Computers.  Gene therapy.  MRI.  Medical databases.  


Speed of response.  Accuracy of diagnosis.



Alternative medicine, three categories of
	Useful category.  Some alternative therapies are useful.
	Useless but harmless category.
	Harmful category.  Some alternative therapies are harmful.




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HUMAN ANATOMY

Systems of the human body.  

Circulatory system.  
Veins and arteries.  Capillaries.

Nervous system.
Brain.  
Spinal cord.  
Nerves.
Central nervous system (CNS)
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system.

Muscle and skeletal system.  
Bones.  Muscles.  Skin.  Tendons.  Ligaments.
Joints.  Knees.  Hip.  Ankles.  Knuckles.  Elbows.  Shoulders.

Digestive system.  
Esophagus.  Stomach.  Small Intestine.  Large intestine.

Immune system.
Lymph glands.  White blood cells.  

Endocrine and hormone system.
Endocrine glands.  
Pituitary gland.  
Adrenal glands.  
Thyroid gland.
Hypothalamus.
HPA axis.

Cardio-pulmonary system
Heart
Lungs

Excretory system
Kidneys.
Bladder.
Ureter.
Urine
Bowels.
Feces

Reproductive System.
Female reproductive system
	Ovaries.
	Fallopian tubes.
	Estrogen.
	Egg production
Male reproductive system
	Penis
	Testicles.
	Testosterone.
	Sperm production
Fertilization.


Organs of the human body.  
Brain.  
Heart.  
Lungs.
Liver.  
Pancreas.  
Spleen.  
Gallbladder.
Kidneys.

GI tract.  
Stomach.
Small intestine.
Large intestine.
  
Sense organs.
Eyes.  Sight.  Cornea.  Iris.  Retina.
Ears.  Hearing ranges.
Nose.  Smell.
Mouth.  Taste.  Tounge.  Taste buds.  Sweet, sour, bitter, 
Skin.  Touch.  



Skeleton
Skull
Jaw.
Spine.  23(?) vertebrae.
Clavicle (collarbone).
Scapula (2).  Shoulder blades.
Upper arm (2)
Lower arm
	Radius (2)
	Ulna (2)
Hand
	Carpels
	Metacarpals.
Ribs. (20, 10 pair)
Hip (1)
Thigh bone.  Femur (2)
Kneecap  Patella (2)
Lower leg
	Fibia
	Tibia
Foot bones
	Tarsels
	Metatarsels


Major muscle groups
Heart
Upper arm
	Biceps
	Triceps
Forearm muscles
Deltoids
Trapeziums
Latimus Dorsi.
Back muscles
Pectorals
Abdominals
	Diaphragm.
	Obliques.
Upper leg
	Quadriceps
	Hamstring
Calf muscles
Foot muscles



Joints
Hip
Shoulders
Knees
Elbows
Wrists
Ankles
Knuckles


Tendons.  
Tendons connect muscle to bone.
Example, Patella tendon connects kneecap to lower leg..

Ligaments
Connect bone to bone.
Example, ACL connects upper leg bone to lower leg bone.


Heart
4 chambers
4 valves (?)

Main artery and vein from and to heart.
	Vena cava (?)
Main artery and vein to head.
	Jugular vein
	Carotid artery
Main artery and vein to lungs.
Main artery and vein to legs.
Main arteries and vein to arms.

Lungs
Branched tree shape.
Bronchi is where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with the blood.

Blood
Red blood cells have hemoglobin which absorbs oxygen (red) and carbon dioxide (blue).
White blood cells aid immunity by fighting pathogens.
Plasma is the liquid portion of the blood.


Brain.
Left hemisphere.
Right hemisphere.
Cerebrum. 
Cerebellum.


Body fluids
Blood.
Bile.
Lymph.
Saliva.
Urine.
Tears.
Sex juices.
Gastric juices.
Mucous.  Phlegm.


Hair
Body hair.
Axial hair.
Head hair.

Nails.  Keratin.



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HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

Bone physiology

Bone growth
Marrow is blood rich.
Ossification is a process of calcification.

Bone repair.


Muscle physiology

Muscle growth

Muscle action.
Muscle flexion is when a muscle tightens or contracts.
Muscle extension is when a muscle relaxes, and occurs when the antagonist muscle flexes.
Muscles occur in antagonistic pairs.  One muscle extends when the other muscle flexes. 

Muscle repair


Nerve physiology


Circulation
In the lungs, oxygen is absorbed into the blood and carbon dioxide is released from the blood.  In the intestines, nutrients like carbohydrates, protein, fat, vitamins and minerals are absorbed into the blood.

Reproduction.

Excretion.
 

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PATHOLOGY

Disease and injury list.  

Cause or etiology
Genetic.  Hereditary.
Malnutrition.  Ex.  Scurvy.  Pelegra.
Infection.  Virus.  Bacteria.  Protozoa.  Worms.
Cancer
Behavior.  Ex. booze, drugs, sex, etc.
Injury.  Accidents.   

Rates of incidence.  Epidemiology.
One person in how many gets the disease?

Symptoms.  Diagnosis
Visible symptoms during examination.  Heart rate.  Stethoscope.  Reflexes.  Fluid colors.
Medical tests.  Blood tests.  Urine tests.

Prognosis.  Outlook.

Prevention, Therapy or Cure

Diseases by systems of the body
Diseases by organs of the body
		
Most common illnesses and injuries.
Most deadly or debilitating illnesses and injuries.



Tags for medicine database

<disease>
<causes>
<symptoms>
<therapies>prevention, rest diet and exercise, surgery, drugs, 
<category> type of disease,  autoimmune, tropical, viral, bacterial, parasitial, genetic, 


Symptoms
Inflammation.  
Bleeding.  External vs. internal.
Coughing.  Wet vs. dry.
Pain.  Sharp vs. dull.  Mild vs. severe.  Localized vs. diffuse.
Infection.  Pus.
Fever.  
Vomiting.
Diarrhea
Shock.  Loss of blood pressure.


(See the medicine database)


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THERAPEUTICS

Types of therapeutics
Preventative medicine.
Curative medicine.
Control medicine.  Can't cure it.  Can only control or manage the problem.


First Aid.  EMT's.  Paramedics.
First aid occurs in the field, with no tools.  As opposed to in a hospital with tools.
Cleaning wounds with soap and water.
Disinfectants
Antibiotic salves
Bandages.
Splints.
Tournequits.
Pain killers
Fever reducing
IV solutions


Emergency room
Triage.


Drugs.
Antibiotics
Pain killers.  Aspirin.  Tylenol.  Motrin.
Fever reducers.


Surgery
Removing foreign objects.
Cutting out dead or diseased tissue.
Amputation.
Organ replacement.  Organ donors.
Implanting artificial joints and other parts.
Blood transfusion.
Anesthesia.
Life support.  Heart and lung machines.
Get in.  Incision.  Scalpel.  Clamps.  Sponges.
Get out.  Stitches.
Minimally invasive procedures.  Arthroscopic surgery.


Ace bandages.
Crutches.
Cane.
Wheelchair.


Physical Therapy
Restoring range of motion.
Restoring strength.


Tests
Xrays.
Thermometer
Blood pressure.
Blood cell counts.  RBC.  WBC.
Heart rate.
Breathing rate.
Appetite.  Weight.
Sleep.  Hours per night.
MRI
CAT scan.
Sonar.
Stethoscope.  Breathing and heartbeat.
Reflexes.  Foot and knee.
Gross motor coordination.  Nervous system.
Tounge depressor.
Bacterial cultures.  Petri dish.
DNA samples.


Nutrition.  Diet.

Exercise.  Activity.

Sleep.  Rest.


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First aid

Snakebite
Bee sting
Ticks
Worms
Sprains.  Ankle.  Wrist.  Knee.
Dislocated shoulder.
Torn ligaments.  Knee. 
Broken bones.  Broken collar bone.  Broken ribs.  Arms.  Legs.
Burns.
Cuts.
Scrapes.  Abrasions.
Puncture wounds.  Knife.
Bruises.
Poisoning.
CPR
Unconsciousness.
Auto wrecks.
Drowning.
Shooting.
Falls.
Altitude sickness.
The bends.
Broken neck.  Broken back.
Struck by lightning.
Electrocution.
Internal bleeding.
Loss of blood.  Shock.
Attacked by animal.  Bitten.  Dog.  Wolf.  Bear.  Mountain lion.
Malnutrition.
Sunburn.
Sunstroke.
Dehydration.
Hypothermia.
Starvation.
Food poisoning.  Diahrea.  Vomiting.
Headache.
Tropical diseases.  Malaria.  Yellow fever.  Dengue fever.  Amoebic dystenary.  Cholera.
Tuberculosis.
Polio.

Diagnosis.
Heartbeat.  Heart rate.
Breathing.  Breathing rate. 
Consciousness.
Loosing blood?



Get the person stable.  
Breathing.  
Heart beating.  
Not bleeding to death.  
Conscious.  
Talking; able to discuss their symptoms.  
Walking; able to move themselves.  
Get them warm, dry, fed and hydrated.

Heartbeat.  Pulse rate.
Breathing rate.

Examine urine and stool.  
Fever?
Eyes.  

Basic medical kit.
Stethescope.
Pain killers.  Aspirin.  Ibruprofin.  
Thermometer.
Ace bandage.
Blister care.
Splint
Bandages
Anti-diareahal
Antibiotics.  Disinfectants.


Tropical.  Malaria.
Cold weather.  Frostbite.  Hypothermia. Snow blindness.
Desert.  Heat stroke.  Dehydration.
Starvation
High altitude.  Altitude sickness.
Hikers.  Lyme and Giardia.


Emergency surgery.
What are the most common first aid?
Appendectomy.
Tracheotomy for a choking victim.
Remove a bullet or shrapnel.
Amputate a gangrenous limb.

Stitches to close a wound.
Splint a broken limb
Clean and dress a wound.

Recognize gangrene.

Antibiotics.  Topical lotion form.  Pill form.  IV form.

Gun shot wound.  Knife wound.
Artery cut.  Vein cut.  
Smashed limb.  Crushed limb.
Head wounds.  Gut wounds.
Heat.  Sunburn.  Heat stroke.  Heat exhaustion.  Dehydration.
Cold.  Frostbite.  Hypothermia.  Chillbains.
Tropical medicine.
Car accidents.
Falls.
Drownings.
Chokings.



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Areas of medicine.  Names of doctors.

Oncology.  Oncologist.  Cancer.
Podiatry.  Podiatrist.  Feet.
Orthopedics.  Orthopedist.  Bones.
Otorolaryngology.  Otorolaryngologist.  Ear, nose and throat.
Cardiology.  Cardiologist.  Heart.
Neurology.  Neurologist.  Nerves.
Proctocology.  Proctocologist.  Assman.
Gynecology.  Gynecologist.  Female reproductive system.
Obstetrics.  Obstetrician.  Babies.
Urinary.  Urologist.  
Endocrinology.  Endocrinologist.
Immunology.  Immunologiest.
Pharmacology.  Pharmacist.
Dental.  Dentist.
Nutrition.  Nutritionist.
Musco-skeletal.
Gastro-Intestinal.  The gut.
Cardio-vascular.  The heart and circulatory system.
Dermatology.  Dermatologist.
Pediatrics.  Pediatrician.


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Pediatrics

Infants.

Problems of children.
Childhood diseases.

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Geriatrics

Problems of the elderly.
Loss of sight.
Loss of hearing.
Loss of mobility.
Dementia.

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Dentistry

Tooth decay
Cavities
Root canal
Brushing
Flossing

Gum disease
Gingivitis
Periodontal disease

Scaling
Planning

Impacted abscessed wisdom teeth

Tooth knocked out.

Root canal.

False teeth.  

Braces.


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Medical system.

Medical education.
Licensing of doctors.

Hospitals.
Hospital Administration

Medical insurance.

Public Health
Clean water.  Sewers.
Clean air.
Clean land and clean food.
Quarantines.


Alternative medicine. 
Help or hoax.


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HISTORY OF MEDICINE

Greeks.  Galen.

Anatomy.  Cadavers.  Vesalius.

Circulation.  Harvey.  
Blood transfusions.  Blood types.

Germ theory.  Pasteur.  Koch.
Doctors washing hands to prevent infection.
Sterilization of instruments.
Pasteurization of milk.
Vaccination.  Inoculation against diseases.

Neuroscience.  Cajal.

Surgery.
Amputations.

Anesthesia.
Laughing gas.

Antibiotics.  Penicillin.  Flemming.

Vitamins

Viruses.

Polio vaccine.  Salk.

Discovery of vectors of disease.  Mosquitoes etc.

Xrays.  Madame Curie.

Computers in medicine (ex. CAT scans)

Immunology.  Discovery of immune system.

Endocrinology.  Discovery of endocrine system.


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