OUTLINE by Paul Nervy Copyright (c) 2006 by Paul Nervy Visit www.paulnervy.com. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww HISTORY Contents Methodology of history. Philosophy of history Science of history Art of history Historical Data (see History database). (Geological history. Biological history. Human evolution. History of civilization) History of historiography Future Studies wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww History wwwwwwwwww What is history? History as the past. History as the events that happened. History as historiography. History as the way we record and think about the stuff that happened. wwwwwwwwww Types of history Autobiography. Diaries. Biography Psycho-biography. Get inside their head. Put them on the couch. Social history Political history Economic history Geographic history. History of a place. Period history. History of a time period. History of an event History of a subject History of an object Microhistory Macrohistory New History Quantitative methods of history. Statistical analysis history. Women's history. Feminist history. By women for women. Environmental history Marxist history. Pop culture history. History of mass marketed, low quality, entertainment. History of the masses. History of the ignored, oppressed and exploited. History of ideas. History of problems. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww METHODOLOGY OF HISTORY How do we do history? wwwwwwwwww PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY wwwwwwwwww Types of philosophy of history. Analytic or critical philosophy of history Analytic or critical philosophy of history studies the concepts, presuppositions and methods used by historians. Substantive or speculative philosophy of history Substantive or speculative philosophy of history studies the entirety of past and tries to discern patterns in the historical process. wwwwwwwwww Importance of history. History is not important. History is irrelevant. The past is dead. History is not useful. History is important. Historical determinism. History is all important because the past determines the future. "Those who don't know history are doomed to repeat its mistakes". Who said that? wwwwwwwwww Change The view that things don't change. The view that things do change. Things changing for the better we call progress. wwwwwwwwww Progress Progress is being made. Things are improving. More and more people are gaining a better and better quality of life. Progress is not being made. Things don't change. There is stasis. History is static. People don't change. Human nature does not change. Technology increases human capacity to do evil as well as good. There is change but it does not get better or worse, merely different. Things are getting worse Some people think the world is going down the toilet at an ever increasing rate. Its a cycle. Its a pendulum. The pendulum swings one way and then another. Things get better, then worse, then better, then worse, ad nauseum. wwwwwwwwww What is the engine of historical development? Science and technology? Economics and business? Marx said yes. Politics and law? Philosophy? wwwwwwwwww Historical truth What is the nature of historical truth? Historical explanation What is the nature of historical explanation? wwwwwwwwww How is historical inquiry similar and different from other forms of inquiry? wwwwwwwwww Evolutionary theory and history. How has Dariwn's theory of evolution affected the way historians think and work? There is no plan. History is not predestined. Postmodernism and history. End of grand narratives. wwwwwwwwww Man is an historical animal. Time is inescapable. Can we learn from the past? Or is every situtation unique? Are there historical laws? Or are there only laws of other types? Scientific laws. Is history a science in the sense of the natural sciences? Or is history a science in the sense of the social sciences? Or is history not a science but an art? wwwwwwwwww SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF HISTORICAL INVESTIGATION Should history be construed as a science? How is history similar and different from the sciences? From the hard sciences. From the soft sciences. Historical sciences Geology. Geochronology. Biological evolution Fossils. Radio-carbon dating. Paleontology Archeology Anthropology. Physical anthropology. Cultural. TOOLS AND TECHNOLOOGY OF HISTORY Carbon dating. Ground visioning. wwwwwwwwwww ART OF HISTORICAL INVESTIGATION Selection of historical events to include. Evaluation of the importance of events. Narrative and its role in the process of historiography. The Historical Novel Databases and their role in the process of historiography Imagination and its role in the process of historiography. Interpretation and its role in the process of historiography. Ethics and its role in the process of historiography. Should one write historical narratives that have a moral or lesson? Should history try to remain free of value judgedments? Historical criticism. Of texts. Of images. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Other terms pertaining to history Mathematical tools for history. Time lines. Statistical records. Computer tools for history. Multimedia. cliometrics historical sociology historicism oral history Interview written history history based on personal letters history based on newspaper reports Audio/video history Drawings, paintings and sculpture. Photography. Digital photography. Cell phone cams. Sound recordings. Live tape recordings. Television cameras. Live television. Movies. Digital movies. Live movies. History based on the nightly television news wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Historians and Philosophers of History (see history database) wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww HISTORICAL DATA (see History database) WORLD HISTORY (see History database) Geological history - history of the earth (see History database) Biological history - history of living things (see History database) Human evolution - history of evolution of man (see History database) Historiography - written history, history of civilization (see History database) Since I am a world citizen, why should I have a section for American history? wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww ARCHAEOLOGY Digging on land. Digging under water. Sonar for water. Radar for air. Under-ground imaging technologies for archaeologists. Excavating. Enduring materials like: Stone. Fossilized bone. Bone. Metal Ceramics. Decomposable materials like: Campfire ash Leather. Wood Digging up dumps, trash, landfills. Digging up graves. Discovery of fossils. Discovery of dinosaur bones. Paleontology. Cope and Marsh. Rival dinosaur bone collectors. Discovery of ancient human bones. Discovery of Neanderthal bones. Discovery of the Lascaux caves and cave painting. Java man. Discovery of bones in Asia. Discovery of bones in Africa. Louis Leakey. Richard Leakey. Discovery of fossilized human foot prints. Lucy. 1974. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww ANTHROPOLOGY Physical anthropology Cultural anthropology Primitive cultures Direct ancestors of current humans Australopithecenes. 5 million years old Homo Erectus. 2 million years old. Homo Sapiens. 100,000 years old. Cousin ancestors of current humans. Humanoid or hominid creatures whose evolutionary branch died out. Neanderthals. 100,000 years old. Homo Habilis? Boas Frazer Heyerdal Levi Strauss Malinowski Mead wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww A History of Problems Famine (hunger, starvation, malnutrition) - China, Ethiopia, Somalia Illness - Malaria, Dysentery, Poverty Education, Illiteracy, Ignorance. Oppression and exploitation - Slavery, Child labor, Women's oppression, Propaganda and Censorship. Crime. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww CURRENT EVENTS Current events is merely recent history, so put it in the history section. Keep up with future studies before its current events. Keep up with current events before its history. Current events Issues Issues by date, as they evolve. What's happening. How to analyze it. What stance to take? Are these issues really important or just a distraction from real issues. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww FUTURE STUDIES wwwwwwwwww Scope or scale of the future. The near future (short term) vs. the far future (long term). The local future vs. the global future. Think long term and global as much as you think short term and local. wwwwwwwwww Factual evidence Trends that growing. Trends that are fading. wwwwwwwwww Forecasting and Planning is something that everyone does. Individuals: Planning for the future Groups: Businesses, Organizations, Nations, etc. Methods of forecasting Delphi method Methods of planning Develop goals Develop a short and long term strategy Develop tactics wwwwwwwwww Futurists Paul Saffo Watts and Wacker Faith Popcorn Stewart Brand and Danny Hillis and the Long Now. Future Societies and Organizations Sante Fe Institute wwwwwwwwww Future of the U.S. Future of the World wwwwwwwwww Future by Subject Areas. Technology and science. Computers. Increase in processing power. Internet. Growth of Internet. More people online. Genetic Engineering. Human cloning. DNA modification. New scientific discoveries lead to new technologies. Politics Development of Third World Countries. Increased global interdependence. U.S. relinquishes or shares power. Social trends Religious fanaticism. Fundamentalism. Economics Economic cycles continue. Information economy replaces Industrial and Agrarian economies. Less poverty worldwide? Or rich get richer and poor get poorer? Health Increasing physical health reflected in longer life spans. New challenges to mental health. Increases in literacy and education worldwide. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww