OUTLINE by Paul Nervy Copyright (c) 2006 by Paul Nervy Visit www.paulnervy.com. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww PSYCHOLOGY Contents Introduction Definitions of psychology Areas of psychology Methodology of psychology. Movements in psychology. Schools of psychology. Philosophy of psychology. Phenomenology Psychoanalysis Behaviorism Cognitive science Brain and Mind. Philosophy of mind Psychoanalysis. Freud. Cognitive Science Linguistics and the brain. Neuroscience. The Brain. Human brain anatomy and physiology. Animal psychology Sense and Perception Memory Emotion Thinking Logic Education Developmental psychology Personality. The self. Pathological Illnesses, injuries, Therapys Optimal performance. Sports psychology. History of psychology wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Psychology The science of the brain. The science of the mind. The study of the brain or mind, be it by science or philosophy. Areas of psychology Experimental psychology. Working for academia, corporate, government. Occupational psychology. Helping workers. School psychology. Helping students. Clinical psychology. For individuals, couples or families. Sports psychologist. Animal psychologists Social psychologists Environmental psychologists. Eco-psychology. Psychological occupations Psychologist. Psychiatrist Social worker wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Methodology Philosophy of psychology Thought experiments. Philosophical arguments. Science of psychology Experiments. Experiment design Experimental ethics Statistical analysis First hand phenomenology. Describing what you experience. Second hand phenomenology Verbal reports by subjects of what they are experiencing. Experiments Animal experiments. Ethics of. Human experiments Ethics of. Theory Hypothesis Fact. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY wwwwwwwwww Philosophy of psychology wwwwwwwwww Phenomenology Husserl wwwwwwwwww Psychoanalysis Freud Jung wwwwwwwwww Gestalt psychology wwwwwwwwww Behaviorism Watson Skinner. wwwwwwwwww Cognitive science wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww THE MIND, THE BRAIN wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww PHILOSOPHY OF MIND Contents Mind, theories of Functionalism Identity theory. Type identity. Token identity. Epiphenomenalism Eliminative Materialism Behaviorism Materialism. Physicalism. Naturalism. Freudianism. Dualism. Representational theories of mind. Computational theories of mind. Consciousness Modularity Language of thought Private language argument Other minds problem Intentionality wwwwwwwwww Early evidence of theories of mind. Appearances in literature of phrases "He does" or "He says". Appearances in literature of phrases "He thinks" or "He feels". Psychology, mind, theories of. Dualism <What is it> Mind-body dualism is the view that the mind is of a different substance than the body. Dualism claims that the brain and mind are two different things. <Who holds it>: Descartes. <Argument for>: Descartes argues that body is spatial but mind is boundless. <Arguments against>: If the mind and body are two different things then how do they interact with each other? Psychology, mind, theories of. Functionalism <What is it>: Functionalism is a materialist theory of mind that holds that specific mental states play a causal role and produce behaviors. There are input states and output states. Psychology, mind, theories of. Functionalism Aka, machine state functionalism. Brain as a computer. <Who holds it> Putnam 1960's. <Arguments against it> Objections by Searle. Psychology, mind, theories of. Identity theory <What is it> Identity theory is a materialist theory of mind that holds that the mind and the brain are the same. Who holds it: Smart, Place. 1950's and 60's. Arguments against it: Psychology, mind, theories of. Epiphenomenalism <What is it> Physical states cause mental states, but mental states cannot affect physical states. Mind and body are seperate; body can affect mind but mind cannot effect body. Psychology, mind, theories of. Behaviorism <What is it> Behaviorists hold that all we should discuss is what we can observe. Who holds it: Individuals who adhere to behaviorism include B.F. Skinner and Watson. Psychology, mind, theories of. Materialism Aka physicalism, naturalism. <What is it>: Everything is matter or physical. Materialism is a type of monism. Mind is body. Mind is brain. Mind is matter. Identity theory. Not merely a correlation. <Arguments for materialsim>: Destroy the brain and you destroy the mind. <Arguments against materialism>: Will knowledge of the brain produce knowledge of mental states? Yes with CAT scans. <Types of>: Three main materialist theories are identity theory, eliminative materialsim and functionalism. Other materialist theories include central state materialism and nonreductive materialism. Psychology, mind, theories of. Materialism, central state materialism. Armstrong. 1960's and 70's. Objections by Kripke. Psychology, mind, theories of. Materialism, nonreductive materialism Aka emergent materialism. Davidson's anomalous monism is a version. Supervenience. Psychology, mind, theories of. Materialism, eliminative materialism <What is it> Eliminative materialism is the view that the concepts of folk psychology are inaccurate or wrong and that further investigation and understanding of the mind will result in a new set of concepts to describe the mental. Eliminativists argue that there is not mind, there is only matter. <Who holds it>: Churchlands. Rorty. Feyerabend. <Contrast with>: Folk psychology. Psychology, mind, theories of. Physicalism <Types of> Token physicalism. Type physicalism. Psychology, mind, theories of. Parellelism. <Types of> (1) Occasionalism: Malbranche. (2) Pre-established harmony: Leibniz. Psychology, mind, theories of. Monisms <What is it> Monism is that the mind is all one thing. (1) Spinoza. (2) Idealism. Its all mental. Ex. Berkeley. (3) Hume. Neutral monist. (4) Materialism. Its all material. Psychology, mind, theories of. Phenomenalism. 20th century. Psychology, mind, theories of. Logical behaviorism. 20's, 30's, 40's. Ryle and Carnap. Psychology, mind, theories of. Language of Thought <What is it> Mind as sybolic, representational, computational, with syntactic and semantic components. <Who holds it>: Jerry Fodor. Psychology, mind, theories of. Connectionism. <What is it> Connectionism holds that the mind is a network where different values get different weights. Psychology, mind, theories of. Computational theory of mind. <What is it> Computational theory of mind is the view that the mind is a computer. <Arguments against it> (1) It really depends how you define what is a computer. The definition of a computer has changed greatly in the last fifty years. (2) Is the brain actually a computer, or is the brain merely similar in some ways to a computer. (3) John Searle has an good argument why the brain is not a computer. Psychology, mind, theories of. Representational theory of mind. <What is it> Representational theory of mind is the view that the mind is a primarily a symbol manipulating machine. <Arguments for it>: Works good at explaining content, thought and memory. <Arguments against it>: Does not work good at explaining emotion. Psychology, mind, theories of. Mysterians. <What is it> Mysterians argue that humans don't have the ability to understand the mind. <Who holds it>: Colin McGinn. Psychology, mind, theories of. Evolutionary theories of mind. <What is it> Evolutionary theories of mind attempt to explain the structure and function of the brain in terms of the evolution of the brain. Folk psychology <What is it> Folk psychology holds that the concepts that lay people develop to describe their minds are essentially an accurate description of the mind. <Contrast with>Eliminative materialism. Freudianism <What is it> Psychoanalytic view of the mind. Freud's view of the structure and mechanism of mind. Freud's view of conscious and unconscious. Freud's view of id, ego and superego. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Features of the mind. What is the mind and the mental? Criterion of the mental. Subjectivity. Each individual has a unique mind. We know our own mind. We don't know other minds. There is always a subject involved in consciouness. Intentionality. Consciousness is always "about" something. There is always an object involved in consciousness. Intentionality is aboutness, directedness, will. The mind is always directed at an object. Brentano Transparency. Our conscious states are self evident to us. Our brain states are not completely self evident to us. Our body states are not completely self evident to us. Qualia. Sensory phenomena. Content. Propositional attitudes. Intentional states. Thoughts, ideas. How does the brain store information as memory? How does the brain manipulate information during thought? Causal theories of content. Immediate, direct, first person. Reference. Causal theories of reference. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Consciousness. Consciousness defined as sensory awareness of enviornment. Environmental awareness. Consciousness as awareness of one's own body. Aware of physical pain. Aware of a body that you can control. Consciousness defined as awareness of one's own mental states. Self awareness. Aware of one's thoughts, emotions, memories, etc. The binding problem. The easy problem of consciousness. The hard problem of consciousness. Theories of consciousness Behaviorism denies it. Positivism denies it. Churchland on consciousness. Dennet on consciousness. Lycan on consciousness. Rosenthal on consciousness. Higher Order Thoguhts. HOT. Searle on consciousness. Mind is not a computer. Consciousness is important. McGinn on consciousness. Mysterian. Nagel on consciousness. Subjective aspects. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Persons, self, self identity In everyday conversation people use words like self, me, I, person, human. Do these terms pose any philosophical problems or conceptual confusion? "I" or "me" persist through time. Self. A unique person. Person. An individual. Even if not human? Even if not conscious? Even if don't have a mind? Human. wwwwwwwwww Persons. What qualifies as a person? Intentional Rational Conscious Self conscious. wwwwwwwwww Self. Personal identity theories. Theories of self. Simple ego theory. Argument. Self is a transendetal ego. An unchanging, indivisible self. Body-brain theory. Aka Continuity theories. Self as body. Body continuity theory. Self as brain. Psychological continuity theory Self is body and brain, changing over time. Counter argument. Body cells completely regenerate over a few years. Brain injury can change our personality alot and quick. Counter argument. Complete transplant cases. Same brain in different body. Same body with different brain. Bundle theory Self is a bundle of mental states, beleifs, emotions, memories, etc. that persist through time. Hume? P.F. Strawson on persons and self identity. See his book "Individuals". Derek Parfit on persons and self identity. Fission cases. Transplant a persons brain hemispheres into two different people. Peter Unger on persons and self identity. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Other topics in philosophy of mind. wwwwwwwwww Mind-body problem Physicalism or reductionism. Mind is reducible to the physical. Not popular? wwwwwwwwww Mental causation, how is it possible? wwwwwwwwww Explanatory gap. wwwwwwwwww Other minds problem wwwwwwwwww Private language problem wwwwwwwwww Mentalism: mind is mind. Vs. Mechanism: mind is matter. Mind is brain. wwwwwwwwww Freewill vs. determinism. wwwwwwwwww Mysterianism. Colin McGinn is a mysterian when it comes to the problems of consciousness, freewill and self. Centuries of debate about these problems have not resolved these problems. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww History of philosophy of mind. View of heart as center of self, or at least emotion. View of brain as center of self. View of central nervous system as center of self. Thinking with entire body. Gilbert Ryle. "Concept of Mind". Thomas Nagel. "What is it like to be a bat?" John Searle "Rediscovery of Consciousness", Chinese room theory. Against the computer view of mind. Daniel Dennet. "Consciousness Explained" "Brainchildren" Paul Churland. "Engine of reason". Patricia Churchland, "Neuro-philosophy" Stephen Pinker, "How the Mind Works" Jerry Fodor. Language of Thought. Modularity of Mind Fred Dretske Ruth Milkian. David Chalmers. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Cognitive Science Cognitive science studies the mind by combining knowledge from the areas of: Philosophy. Psychology. Linguistics. Computers. Neuroscience. wwwwwwwwww Computers and psychology Computational theories of mind. Brain as a computer. Mind as computer. Mind is a rule governed, symbol manipulator. Parallel processing Connectionism Neural networks. Artificial Intelligence. AI. Can we build machines that can think? Can we build a machine that is conscious? Case based reasoning systems Game based reasoning systems Logic based reasoning systems. Expert systems. John Searle Chinese room argument. Charles Babbage Alan Turing Alonzo Church John von Neumann Norbert Wiener Claude Shannon Simon and Newall Marvin Minksy Ray Kurzweil wwwwwwwwww Neuroscience and the mind Discovery of neurons as the basic unit of the brain. Anatomy and physiology of neurons. Using imaging technology like CAT scans to map areas of the brain and corresponding mental abilities. Discovery of neurotransmitters. Mind as neurology. Neurophilosophy. Paul and Patricia Churchlands Neurologists Golgi - Cajal - neuro-anatomist McCullough and Pitts - model the function of neurons. Discovery of neurotransmitters. Imaging of the brain with CAT scans. Books Edelman. Dimasio Gazzaninga wwwwwwwwww Linguistics and the mind. Language theories of mind. Innateness of language. Universal grammar. Noam Chomsky Language of thought theory (LOT) Mentalese. Jerry Fodor. Language and thinking. Representational theories of mind. Symbolic representation. Meaning. Theories of meaning. Logic How about logic and the mind. Logic is as important as language. wwwwwwwwww Evolutionary Psychology and the mind Evolution of the Brain. Evolutionary psychology in relation to nature knowledge. Evolutionary psychology in relation to social nature of man. Evolutionary psychology in relation to technology and tool use. Evolutionary psychology in relation to language and symbol use. Tooby and Cosmindes. Matt Ridley. Evolution of ethics Edmund O. Wilson. Sociobiology. Terrence Deacon. Evolution of symbol use. Stephen Pinker. Stephen Mithen Daniel Dennett wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY Study the following phenomena: Drive, instinct, hard wired. Memory. Emotion. Thinking and learning. Sociability and communication. In the following groups of animals: Invertebrates insects Vertebrates amphibians reptiles fish birds mammals primates. Mark Hauser wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww BRAIN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Hemispheres. Left brain vs. Right brain Triune brain - drive, emotion, thought Brain stem. Cerebrum Cerebellum Brain injury How does injury to specific areas of the brain affect mental abilities? The nervous system. The nerve cell. Synapse Electical processes Chemical processes. Neurotransmitters. The brain. Fore brain Cerebrum Left hemisphere Frontal lobe Temporal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Right Hemisphere Frontal lobe Temporal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Limbic system Hippocampus Amygdala Septum Thalmus Hypothalmus Mid brain Hind brain Medulla Pons Cerebellum Reticular formation. Pituitary gland Cerebral cortex. Spinal cord. Central nervous system. Brain Spine Peripheral nervous system. Autonomic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system. Parasympathetic nervous system. Somatic nervous system Afferent nerves Efferent nerves The endocrine system. Pituitary Thyroid Adrenals Gonads wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww SENSE and PERCEPTION. Sensation Senses Vision. Depth perception. Binocular vision. Color perception. Rods and cones. Movement perception. Optical illusions. Hearing. Balance. Taste Four kinds of tastebuds: sweet, sour, salty, bitter. Smell Skin Touch Pain. Temperature. Pressure. Texture. Sense nerve pathways. wwwwwwwwww Perception. Perception of time. Perception of space. Perception of distance. Perception of movement. Subliminal perception. Subliminal advertising. Perceptual illusions. Mirages. Rainbows. Doppler effect Necker cube. Perceptual hallucinations from sleep deprivation Gestalt psychology Pattern recognition. Attention. Old timey philosophy of perception. When we perceive the world, to what extent does our mind mediate our perceptions? Does our mind alter 100% what is out there? Or, at the opposite extreme, do we perceive with 100% accuracy the nature of the external world? Or is it some mix in between? Its a question of appearances vs. reality. Naive realism Aka common sense view of perception. Held by Reid. Things exist in the world and we humans perceive them as they are. There is direct perception. An argument against naive realism. Illusions are 100% mental. Examples, mirages, hallucinations and optical illusions. Buddhists claim that everything is an illusion. Another argument against naive realism. There is a subjectivity to the perceptions of different people. Indirect realism Aka, sense datum theory of perception. Held by Locke, Berkely, Hume. We don't perceive objects directly. We perceive the data from our senses. There is no direct perception. wwwwwwwwww Primary qualities. Absolute. Objective. Independent. Properties that don't rely on senses. Secondary qualities. Relative. Subjective. Dependent. Properties that rely on senses. wwwwwwwwww Realism. Objective external world. Irrealism. The world is all in our heads. Berkeley's view. Objects are ideas in the mind of god. Hardly. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Drive Needs Wants. Breathing. Hunger. Thirst. Sex drive. Survival Motivation Intinct theory Drive theory. Drive - reduction theory. Arousal theory Expectancy theory Cognitive theory Humanistic theory. Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Acheivement need. Status seekers. Arousal need. Sensation seekers. Thrill seekers. Fear of failure. Fear of success. Extrinsic motivation Intrinsic motivation wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Physical body and psychology wwwwwwwwww Sleep Stages of sleep measured by brain activity and REM. Problems with sleep Insomnia. Can't get to sleep. Wake up too early. Not enough sleep can cause anxiety and depression in an downward spiral. Sleep deprivation Not letting yourself sleep enough. Going to sleep too late. Setting the alarm clock too early. What happens in sleep deprivation experiments when people are denied sleep for more than a few days? They tend to act bizarely. Sleep too much. Throwing off your sleep cycle Night shift work. Jet lag Circadian rythyms. Diurnal vs. nocturnal. Stages of sleep. REM sleep Sleep disorders Insomnia. Can't get to sleep. Wake up too early. Getting too little sleep. Problems of sleep deprivation. What is the purpose of sleep? To let the body rest and recuperate. To let the brain rest and recuperate. How does sleep occur? Do plants sleep? Which animals sleep? wwwwwwwwww Dreams. What is the purpose of dreaming? Freudians on dreams Dreams are symbolic. Dreams express fears and desires. Cognitive science on dreams. Dreams result from the brain processing data from the day. How does dreaming occur? What percent of our dreams do we remember? Nightmares - what causes them? Lucid dreaming wwwwwwwwww Tiredness. Sleepiness. Energy levels. wwwwwwwwww Biofeedback Hypnosis Meditation wwwwwwwwww Drugs Uppers. Stimulants. Amphetamines. Methamphetamine. Cocaine. Crack cocaine. Caffeine. Nicoteine. Downers. Depressants. Barbituates. Tranquilizers. Qualude. Muscle Relaxers. Alcohol Opiates. Opium Morphine Heroin Hallucinogenics. LSD. Mushrooms. Psilocybin. Peyote buttons. Mescaline. Marajuana. Extasy. Pain killers. Oxycontin. Percoset. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww MEMORY Physiology of memory. Functioning of memory. Memorizing. Remembering. Forgetting. Sensory memory. The memory that lets your senses work. Short term memory. STR. Aka working memory. Long term memory. LTR. Chunking. Memory improvment skills. Mnemonic techniques. Amazing displays of memory. Photographic memory. Memory savants. Memory problems. Loss of memory. Amnesia. Alzheimers. Forgetting. Repression. Amnesia. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww EMOTIONS Physiology of emotion What do CAT scans reveal when people feel? Categories of emotions Universal human emotional expressions. Suprise. Disgust Fear Anger Happy Theories of emotions James-Lange theory Cannon-Baird theory Schacter-Singer theory wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww THINKING Reasoning. Inference Inductive Deductive Heuristics Rules of thumb. Algorithms. Iteration. Recursion. Problem solving. Decision making. Physiology of thought What do CAT scans reveal when people think? Classification. Categories. Concepts. Concept formation. Concept change. Cognitive dissonance. Genius. Creativity. Language and thinking. Imagery and thinking. Sound and thinking. Intelligence. Howard Gardners theory of 8 types of intelligence. Environment and thinking. Thinking about natural environment. Thinking about social environment. Time and thinking Thinking about the future. Forecasting. Planning Thinking about the past. Memory Language. Phonology Syntax Semantics Language acquisition. wwwwwwwwwwww Intelligence Intelligence tests Stanford Binet test Wechsler test Giftedness Mental retardation Theories of intelligence. Howard Gardener's eight types of intelligence. Jeff Hawkin's memory-prediction model of intelligence. wwwwwwwwww Learning Classical conditioning. Pavlov. Operant conditioning. Skinner and Thorndike. Cognitive learning. Higher learning. Reward. Punishment. Higher learning Learning skills. Learning facts. Learning concepts. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww LOGIC wwwwwwwwww Logic Definitions of logic. What is logic? Definitions of logic. 1. Logic as truth preserving arguments. 2. Idealism. Logic is a psychological thing in human's heads. Logic is in the head. 3. Realism. Logic is reflected in the order of the universe. Logic is outside the head. wwwwwwwwww Meta-logic Formal systems. Formal logic. Formal language. Axiomatization. Axiomatic systems. Calculus. Well formed formula (wff) wwwwwwwwww Completeness. Complete. Incomplete Closure. Closed. Not closed. Decidability. Decidable. Undecideable Consistency. Consistent. Inconsistent Validity. Valid. Invalid. Soundness. Sound. Not sound. wwwwwwwwww Philosophical logic terms Reference - see theories of reference Truth - see theories of truth Negation Implication Strict implication Formal implication Material implication Pragmatic implication Entailment Necessity Logical necessity Presupposition Entailment Modality Fallacy Paradox Logical paradoxes. wwwwwwwwww Formal logic involves Symbols Rules. Operators. Variables. Constants. Functions. wwwwwwwwww Logic of natural language sentences and arguments. Semiotics. Semiotics is the study of symbols or signs. Semantics. Semantics is the meaning of symbols or words. Syntax. Syntax is the rules of how symbols or words can be combined. wwwwwwwwww induction deduction wwwwwwwwww Argument Inference Premises Conclusion In a logical argument one moves from premises to conclusions by means of logical inference wwwwwwwwww Truth as a logical construct. As opposed to truth as an epistemic construct. As opposed to truth as a linguistic construct. Truth tables Truth value (true or false) Many valued logics. Fuzzy logic. wwwwwwwwww tautology contradiction wwwwwwwwww syllogism premise conclusion wwwwwwwwww proposition axiom theorem postulate corollary lemma wwwwwwwwww the square of logical relations contradiction contrapositive converse obverse wwwwwwwwww AND. Conjunction. OR. Disjunction. NOT. Negation. IF THEN. ConditionaL. IF THEN ELSE. Biconditional. ALL SOME NONE wwwwwwwwww existential quantifier universal quantifier wwwwwwwwww Conditionals Factuals Couterfactuals Problematics Hypotheticals wwwwwwwwww antecedent consequent wwwwwwwwww intensional extensional wwwwwwwwww Assumptions Suppositions - "Hidden suppositions" are premises we take for granted. Implications Entailment wwwwwwwwww Law of excluded middle Modus Ponens Modus Tollens wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww TYPES OF LOGIC wwwwwwwwww Predicate logic. Quantifcational logic. Propositional logic. Sentential logic. A proposition consists of a subject plus a predicate. wwwwwwwwww Lower order logic. First order logic. Classical logic. Higher order logic. wwwwwwwwww Syllogistic logic: logic of syllogisms. wwwwwwwwww Set Theory: membership, inclusion, intersection, union, null set wwwwwwwwww Mereology: logic of classes wwwwwwwwww Model theory wwwwwwwwww Alethic or Modal logic: necessarily, probably wwwwwwwwww Epistemic logic: the logic of knowing Doxastic logic: logic of belief Erotetic Logic: the logic of questions. wwwwwwwwww Deontic logic: logic of norms that permit and forbid. Prohairetic logic: logic of preference. wwwwwwwwww Temporal or Tense logic: logic of time wwwwwwwwww Intuitionisitc logic wwwwwwwwww Free logic wwwwwwwwww Relevance logic wwwwwwwwww Bi-conditional logic. Many valued logic. wwwwwwwwww Monotonic logic Nonmonotonic logic wwwwwwwwww Probability logic wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Logic and Natural Language wwwwwwwwww Formal logic. Applied logic wwwwwwwwww Logical fallacies wwwwwwwwww Logical notation. wwwwwwwwww Computers and logic Logic of computer circuits. Logic and computation. Computability. Algorithm Recursion. Computability. Turing. Church Kleene wwwwwwwwww Math and logic Philosophy and logic Language and logic. Grammar. wwwwwwwwww Modus ponens. If p then q. P therefore Q. Modus tollens. If p then q. Not p therefore not q. Law of non-contradiction. Principle of excluded middle. Law of bivalence. More to sort wwwwwwwwwww Logic. Reasoning. Inference. Inference is a movement from premises to conclusion. Validity. An argument is valid if its conclusion follows from its premises. All. Every. Some. None. No. Not. And Or If, then. If, then, else. Universal instatiation. All. Every. Existential instantiation. Some. Law of identity. A=A. Law of excluded middle. Everything is either True or false. Law of non-contradiction. Nothing can be both true and false. Modus ponens. If p then q. P then q. Modus tollens. Tautological truths. True by definition. Analytic truths. True by analysis. Logical truths. True by logic. Metalogic Formal systems Formal languages Model theory Proof theory Recursion theory Set theory Paradoxes Implications of each. Attempts at resolving each. Russells Paradox Barber paradox Logical fallacies Material fallacies Verbal fallacies Formal fallacies Categorical propositons A. All A's are B's. (Universal affirmative). E. No A's are B's. (Universal negative). I. Some A's are B's. (Particular affirmative). O. Some A's are not B's. (Particular negative). Transformations Converse Obverse Contrapositive Square of opposition Conditionals If then Syllogism Moods Valid and invalid syllogisms. Hypothetical arguments Disjuctions wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww History of Logic Aristotle. Syllogism. Medieval Logic Port Royal Logic J.S. Mill DeMorgan Boole C.S. Pierce Frege Russel. Whitehead Principia Mathematica. Logic and math. Wittgenstein. Logic and language. Polish school of logic. Lukaziewiz Tarksi, Alfred Godel, Kurt. Godel's incompleteness theorem. Church, Alonzo. Church's theorem. Zermelo and Frankl Turing, Alan Kleene, Stephen Quine, WVO. Von Wright, Georg. Deontic logic. Hintikka, Jakko. Lewis, David. Possible worlds. Saul Kripke. Possible worlds. Alethic logic. Arthur Prior. Tense logic. Montague, Richard. Dummett, Michael. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww EDUCATION wwwwwwwwww Education Definitions of education wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Philosophy of education Empiricist epistemology philosophy. British empiricists: Locke, Hume, Berkeley. Education that emphasizes experience. Hands-on learning. Science. Rationalist epistemology philosophy. Continental rationalists: Descartes, Spinoza, Liebniz. Education that emphasizes logic. Math. Pragmatic philosophy. American pragmatists: Dewey. Education that emphasizes practical use. Technology. Practice. Utilitarian. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Worldwide education. What percentage of people worldwide can read? What percentage of people worldwide have a grade school education? What percentage of people worldwide have a high school education? What percentage of people worldwide have a college education? What are the factors impeding education worldwide? What are the the best ways to promote education worldwide? wwwwwwwwww Goals of education. Different views of. Education as producing good workers. Repetitive, physical laborers. Factories. Creative, knowledge workers. Education as producing psychologically healthy individuals Education as studying the philosophy of education. Education as developing critical thinking skills and problem solving skills. Education as learning facts. Information dumps. Education as "learning to learn". Library skills. Internet skills. Education so that the individual serves the state. Totalitarian education. Propaganda. Indoctrination. Education for citizenship in a democracy. Education for the individual. Liberalism. Education for work. Factory system. Assembly line. Shop class. Boces. Worker as automaton. Knowledge workers. Education for social skills. Education for ethical reasoning. Education for knowledge and truth. Education for emotions. The arts. Education to improve curiosity and creativity. Education to destroy curiosity and creativity. Not really education. Religious education. Instilling mindless belief and mindless obedience is bogus. Military education. Instilling blind belief and blind obedience is bogus. Assembly line worker education. Instilling blind belief and blind obedience is bogus. Skills approaches Research skills. Library research. Internet research. Writing research papers. Evaluating sources of information. Media criticism. Critical thinking skills. Problem solving skills. Practical skills. Sex education. Whether to have kids. How to raise kids. Mortgages. Managing personal finances. Doing taxes. Driver ed. Logical approaches. Historical approaches. Cutting edge approaches. A lot to know and only a little time to find out. One view holds that it does not matter how you raise or school a child because it has not effect on the child. Another view holds that it does matter how you raise or school a child because it does have an effect on the child. Information technology methods. Computers. Digital. Networks. Word processing. Edit thoughts. Databases. Public schools vs. private schools. Private schools are bogus. The classics. The great books. Bogus. Home schooling. Economics and education. How much does it cost to educate each kid? Politics and educaiton. Political pressure from parents and from government. Censorship (mandatory must not teach). Mandatory teaching. Each child has a personality, dispositions, strengths and weaknesses, learning styles. Raising idealists, revolutionaries, dissenters,. Raising pragmatists, diplomats, compromisers, politicians, conformists. Bacon Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Froebel Dewey wwwwwwwwww Formal education School wwwwwwwwww Informal education Lifelong learning Self taught. Reading books. Taught by others. Even if people can't read, and never went to school, does not mean they are necessarily stupid or ignorant. wwwwwwwwww Education by age level Baby, infant and toddler education. Learn to walk the walk and talk the talk. Preschool. Age 4 and 5. Kindergarten. Age 6. Grade school. Grade 1 - 6. Age 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. Middle school. Grade 7 - 9. Age 13, 14, 15. High school. Grade 10 - 12. Age 16, 17, 18. College. Age 19, 20, 21, 22. Adult education wwwwwwwwww Education by subject. Sciences (Astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, earth science. Psychology, sociology). Arts (music, literature, visual arts, film). Philosophy. History. Math wwwwwwwwww Other types of education. Emotional education. Ethical education. Social education. Physical education. Sex education Special education for mentally retarded, mentally ill, and ethically challenged. Occupational education. Learn a job. Earn a living. Citizen education. Civics. Learn to be a citizen of a state. "Human being" education. (my idea) wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Other methods and views of education Three R's. Reading, wRiting and aRithmatic. Great books. I'm not a big fan. Case study method. Socratic method. Question and answer. Dialogue. Lectures. Book reading. Computer learning. Public education Private education Home schooling Testing Multiple choice tests Essay tests Class size. One on one tutors. World standards National standards Local standards Computers in the classroom - help or hindrance? Online universities, distance learning Team learning, collaboration Teaching Theories of Learning Theories of wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww History of education Dewey. Pragmatic education. Public education for democracy. Montessori Steiner. Waldorf wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY Emotional development of the person. Cognitive development of the person. Language acquisition in the person. Decision making, development of. Problem solving, development of. Social development of the person. Moral development of the person. Kohlberg Erikson's stages of development. Sexual development in human's wwwwwwwwww Stages of life Infants Toddlers Gradeshool Adolescence. Adults Middle age Old age Death and dying Philosophy of death Science of death. Biology of death. Medical definitions of death. When to declare someone dead. Brain dead. Heart and lung dead. No breathing. No pulse. Psychology of dying. Sociology of dying. Grief. Economics of death. Funerals. Cardboard coffins. Politics and law of death. Disconnection of life support machines. Heredity Nature vs. nurture Twin studies. Twins together in same family Twins separated into adopted families Child development Physical development Cognitive development Piaget's stages. Moral development Kohlberg's stages Emotional development Personality development Social development. Erikson's theory of psychosocial development Gender identity development. Adolescence. Physical development Cognitive development Moral development Emotional development Personality development Social development Adulthood Physical development Cognitive development Moral development Emotional development Personality development Social development Old age. Physical development Cognitive development Moral development Emotional development Personality development Social development wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww PERSONALITY Theories of personality. Theories of personality structure, mechanism and development. Theories of classification of personalities wwwwwwwwww Four humors. Ancient Greek theories: phlegmatic, sanguine, melancholic, choleric. bucolic. wwwwwwwwww Body type and personality: ectomorph, endomorph, mesomorph wwwwwwwwww Freud's theory of mind Tripartite structure of id, ego and superego. Structure of unconscious and conscious. Catharsis to cure mental illness which is caused by repression of childhood trauma. wwwwwwwwww Biopsychological approaches. Body types - endomorph, ectomorph, mesomorph Heredity of personality traits Psychoanalytic theories of personality Freud Jung - Introversion and extroversion. Adler Humanistic theories of personality Maslow Rogers Self actualization Dispositional traits and types theories of personality Allport Eyesenck Cognitive theories of personality Mischel Behavioral theories of personality. Allport - Cardinal, central and secondary traits. Catell - Sixteen personality factors. Meyers-Briggs test. Frank Sulloway's birth order theory. wwwwwwwwww Introvert vs. Extrovert. Jung. Meyers Briggs. Intuition vs. ? Thinking vs. Feeling. ? vs. ?. ? vs. ?. A type and B type personalities Liberal and conservative personalities. Thrill seeking personality. Authoritarian personality. Dogmatic. wwwwwwwwww Astrology and personality. Even though the stars do not influence personality, the various zodiac systems are still attempts to categorize personality types. Western zodiac. Chinese zodiac. wwwwwwwwww Change of personality. wwwwwwwwww Disorders of personality. wwwwwwwwww Heretabililty of personality. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww PATHOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY Health Definitions of psychological health. Peak experience. Peak performance. Psychological performance. Physical performance. Neurosis. Psychosis Stress Coping wwwwwwwwww Emotive disorders Emotional problems Anxiety Fear Panic disorder. GAD. Generalized anxiety disorder. PTSD. Post traumatic stress disorder. Phobias Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Paranoia Anger Management Depression. Mania Manic depression. Stress wwwwwwwwww Eating disorders Anorexia Bulimia wwwwwwwwww Addiction Alcohol addiction. Drug addiction. Food addiction. Gambling addiction. Sex addiction. Internet addiction. Cigarette addiction. Habitual behaviors. Bad habits. wwwwwwwwww Self destructive behavior. Body mutilation Cutting. wwwwwwwwww Other disorders Pessimism. Negativity. Insomnia. Procrastination. Perfectionism. High expectations. Trauma: physical and psychological Work related problems: dislike job, Attention deficit disorder. Hyperactivity. Relationship problems. Fighting. Cold distance. Spouse abuse. Parenting problems. Aggression. Crime. Sociopaths. Violence. Sex disorders Nymphomania Pedophilia Rape Stalking Autism Alzheimers. Stroke. Sociopath. Psychopath. Personality disorders. Amnesia. Learned helplessness. Obsessive / Compulsive. Narcissism Somatoform disorders Hypochondria. Dissociative disorders Amnesia. Fugue. Multiple personality. wwwwwwwwww Social disorders Anti-social Criminal behavior. wwwwwwwwww Psychosis. Schizophrenia. Paranoid schizophrenia. Delusions of grandeur. Hallucinations (auditory and visual) Effects on memory Effects on emotion Effects on thought Types of schizophrenia Causes of schizophrenia Theories of genetic heritability. Theories of viral transmission. Theories of how people are raised. Double bind theory. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Therapies. wwwwwwwwww Traditional psychoanalysis, i.e., Freudian psychotherapy. Focus on early memories. Silent therapist Long term. wwwwwwwwww Person centered therapies. Humanistic therapy. Abraham Maslow. Rollo May. Victor Frankl. Humanistic therapies Gestalt therapy. Existential therapy. Philosphical therapy. wwwwwwwwww Cognitive therapy. Expose automatic thoughts. Change thoughts and you will change mood and behavior. Rational Emotive therapy. Beck. Behavioral therapy. Actions lead thoughts. Change behavior and you will change mood and thoughts. Rational Emotive therapy. Thoughts lead emotions. Mood therapy? Change mood and you will change thought and behavior. wwwwwwwwww Biophysical approaches. Psychological approaches. Sociological approaches. wwwwwwwwww Emotion approaches. Emotional intelligence. Emotional knowledge. Emotional control. Thought approaches. Self talk. Self thought. Self images. Memory approaches. Uncover hidden memories. Integrate past experiences. Psychoanalytic. Future approaches. Uncover fears of future. Fears of old age. Fears of death. Anger, depression, etc. wwwwwwwwww Environment therapy? Change environment and you will change thought, mood and behavior. wwwwwwwwww Group therapy. Couple therapy. Family therapy. Group of strangers/friends. wwwwwwwwww Other approaches. Short term therapies vs. long term therapies.. Humor. Fun. Relaxation. Meditation. Breathing. Yoga. Social therapy. Social support. Social networks. Positive thinking. Optimism. Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP). Hypnosis. Group therapy. Arts therapies. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Negative approaches Drugs. Electroshock. Destroying the brain. Surgery. Destroying the brain. Mental hospitals. Their poor record. Freeing of mental patients in the 1970's. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Self improvement. Pop psychology. Quick and easy solutions don't always work. Life 101. Tony Robbins. Napolean Hill. Dale Carnegie. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww US mental health. Increase in cases of anxiety and depression because people have higher expectations for their lives, people have more opportunities and people have more problems. Anti-depression drugs are often mis-prescribed People who don't need it get it. People who need it don't get it. Anti-anxiety drugs are often mis-prescribed. People who don't need it get it. People who need it don't get it. Ritalin is often mis-prescribed. People who don't need it get it. People who need it don't get it. wwwwwwwwww World mental health Depression is on the rise world wide. Suicide is a big problem. In Japan. In Russia. In the United States. Everywhere. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY (see history database) History of psychology Wilhelm Wundt William James Franz Brentano Structuralism Functionalism Freudianism. Freud, Jung, Adler. Behaviorism Watson, Skinner, Thorndike. Gestalt psychology Humanist psychology Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, Rollo May, Victor Frankl. Cognitive psychology Linguistics and psychology Neuro psychology Computers and psychology Evolutionary psychology. Dawkins, Wilson, Wright, Ridley, Toobey and Cosmides. Sociology and psychology Philosophy and psychology