OUTLINE by Paul Nervy Copyright (c) 2006 by Paul Nervy Visit www.paulnervy.com. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww CHEMISTRY Contents Introduction Inorganic chemistry Elements and chemistry Compounds and chemistry Organic chemistry Chemical database History of chemistry wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww INTRODUCTION Chemistry. Chemistry studies molecules and their reactions. Eeryone is a chemist. Chemistry is popular. There is a stage, especially in early adolesance, when mixing people mix things to see what happens. Chemistry can be dangerous. Wear safety glasses. Perform reactions under a ventilation hood. Don't mix chemicals without knowing what will happen. wwwwwwwwww Sub-areas of chemistry Inorganic chemistry Organic chemistry Synthetic chemistry - building molecules Analytic chemistry - breaking down substances Chemistry of light. Fiber optics. Light Emitting Diodes. Lasers. Chemistry of electromagnetism. Transistors. Conductors. Resistors. Insulators. Chemistry of supercooling. Ceramic magnets. Nuclear chemistry radioactivity Biochemistry (see biology) wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww INORGANIC CHEMISTRY wwwwwwwwww Atoms. Molecules - combinations of atoms. wwwwwwwwww Elements Compounds - combinations of elements. Compounds Compounds with just two elements. Compounds with three elements. Compounds with four elements. wwwwwwwwww Periodic table of elements Metals Metalloid's Noble gases Lathinide series Actinide series Radioactive elements wwwwwwwwww Atomic weight. Atomic weight of an element is the number of protons and neutrons wwwwwwwwww Atomic number Atomic number of an element is the number of protons wwwwwwwwww Lewis structure diagrams single bar double bar wwwwwwwwww Chemical bonds Covalent bonds. Ionic bonds. Metallic bonds Polar bonds wwwwwwwwww Chemical reactions, types of. Re-arrangement reactions. Change shape of molecules. Decomposition. Break molecules down. Combination. Addition reactions. Puts molecules together. Single replacement. Double replacement. Acid - base reactions Ion - exchange reactions Oxidation - reduction reactions Electrochemical reactions. Photochemical reactions. wwwwwwwwww Kinetics Reaction rates Reaction curve charts wwwwwwwwww Solutions. Chemicals dissolved in liquid. In water. In alcohol. Etc. wwwwwwwwww Polymers. Plastics. Large molecules of repetitive form. wwwwwwwwww Inorganic chemistry Metals. Gases. Noble gases (inert) Radioactives Salts Water Oxides Oxyacids and salts Carbides Nitrides Phosphides Sulfides Hydrides Boranes Inorganic polymers Coordination compounds Organometallic compounds Solutions Avogadro's number. Mole. Amount of substance that contains Avogadro's number of atoms or molecules. Molal. One mole of solute in 1000 grams of solvent. Normal wwwwwwwwww Acids and Bases. Acids. What is an acid? Examples, hydrochloric acid. Bases. What is a base? Examples, Titration PH scale wwwwwwwwww Salt What is a salt? wwwwwwwwww Oxidation and Reduction Oxidation Reduction Redox reactions wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww ELEMENTS Most plentiful elements - Silicon? Rarest elements - Gold? Uranium? What are the ways elements can be grouped by properties? The periodic table. Families of elements. Solid, liquid or gas at room temperature. PH Hydrogen. Group 1. Period 1. Alkalai metals. Group 1. Left column of periodic table, excluding hydrogen. Alkaline earth metals. Group 2. Second column from left. Zinc group. Boron group. Carbon group Nitrogen group Oxygen group Halogen group. Second column from right. Noble gases. Right hand column. Transition elements. Middle of table. Rare earth elements. Actinide elements. Bottom row. Transuranium elements. Lanthanides. Second row from bottom. Metals Non metals Which elements are necessary for human life? All of them, in a ecological sense. Why are so many elements poisonous to humans? wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww COMPOUNDS How do you make it? How do you break it down? Naturally occurring earth compounds Silicon - sand Metals. Iron ore. Copper ore. Naturally occurring air compounds Oxygen Hydrogen Naturally occurring water compounds Water. H20 Chemicals by sea vents Petrochemicals Biochemicals - found in plants and animals wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Organic chemistry Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon based molecules. Carbon Hydrocarbons Aromatic hyrdrocarbons Aliphatic hydrocarbons Alcohols Phenols Esthers Aldehydes Ketones Carboxylic acids Amines Organohalogens Hydrocarbons Saturated hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons isomers stereo chemistry chirality spectroscopy wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Chemicals found in nature vs. not found in nature. Manmade (analyzed and synthesized) chemicals vs. chemicals gathered from nature and purified. Poisonous vs. non-poisonous chemicals Poisonous period vs. poisonous in excessive quantities. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Simple home chemistry. Simple home chemicals Simple home chemistry experiments Reactions. Burning. Solutions. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Get some litmus paper. Test acidity of spit, vomit, urine. Rubber. Natural latex. Synthetic rubber. Vulcanized rubber. Solids Liquids Gases. Gases used in lights. Neon Argon Xenon Krypton Halogen Poisons Arsenic Strychnine Burning. Combustion. Need oxygen, produces carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Magnesium burns. Wood burns. Gasoline burns. Explosives. Rapid combustion. Explosions are perhaps the stereotypical chemical reaction. When many people think of chemistry they think of explosions. Gunpowder Dynamite TNT Nitroglycerine Plastic explosives. Solutions. Solvents. Water. Alchohol. Acetone. Turpentine. Solutes. Disolve. Salts Sugars Proteins Lipids, Fats, Oils Soap Detergent Fertilizers Potassium Nitrogen Phosphorus Fuels Gasoline. Burns clean. Kerosene Diesel fuel. Glues White glue. Wood glue. Epoxy. Resin and catalyst. Super glue. Arcrylic? Paints Oil based paint. Turpentine. Water based paint. Arcrylic. Dyes. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww List of chemicals. (See Chemistry database) wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww History of chemistry. (See History database) wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww