| Outline. Science, history of. By Paul Nervy. | ||||||
| Copyright 2006, Paul Nervy | ||||||
| Subject | Category | Year (When) | Place (Where) | Person(s) (Who) | Thing, Event, Idea, Word, or Work (What) | Description (Why, How, etc.) |
| Science | Philosophy of science | Kitcher, Philip | ||||
| Science | Philosophy of science | Herschel | ||||
| Science | Philosophy of science | Salmon, Wesley | ||||
| Science | Philosophy of science | Toulmin, Stephen | ||||
| Science | Philosophy of science | Popper, Karl | ||||
| Science | Philosophy of science | Whewell | ||||
| Science | Philosophy of science | Kuhn, Thomas | ||||
| Science | Philosophy of science | Feyerabend, Paul | ||||
| Science | Philosophy of science | Lakatos, Irme | ||||
| Science, astronomy | c. -15000000000 | 15 billion years ago. Birth of universe. | ||||
| Science, astronomy | c. -4500000000 | 4.6 billion years ago. Birth of earth. | ||||
| Science, astronomy | c. 150 | Ptolemy | Almagest star almanac cataloged 1000 stars and 48 constellations. Theory of sun revolving around earth. | |||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1550 | Italy | Copernicus | Sun centered solar system theory. | ||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1575 | Brahe, Tycho. | Early work on orbits of planets | |||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1600 | Kepler. | Planets have eliptical orbits. | |||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1610 | Italy | Galileo | Earth revolves around the sun. Proves Copernicus. | ||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1700 | England | Newton, Issac | Explained gravity. Wrote "Principia Mathamatica". | ||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1700's | France | Messier, Charles | Discovers many comets and deep sky objects. | ||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1780's | Germany | Herschel, William | Discovers Uranus. | ||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1840's | Germany | Galle, Johan | Discovers Neptune. | ||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1905 to 1915 | Germany | Einstein, Albert | Special theory of relativity (STR). General theory of relativity (GTR). | ||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1930's | United States | Tombaugh, Clyde | Discovers Pluto. | ||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1930's | England | Hubble, Edward | Expanding universe. Galaxies are masses of stars. | ||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1930's | Chandrasekhar | Astrophysics. Star formation. | |||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1950's | United States | Gamow, George | Big bang theory | ||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1958 | Russia | Sputnik satellite. | |||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1960's | Quasars are discovered in 1960's | ||||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1960's | United States | Mercury program | |||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1961 | Russia | Gagarin, Yuri | First orbit of Earth by a human. | ||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1962 | United States | Telstar is the first communication satellite. | |||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1964 | United States | Penzias and Wilson | Discover cosmic background radiation. | ||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1969 | United States | First humans walk on the moon. | |||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1970's | Russia | Soyuz program | |||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1970's | Rees, Martin | British astronomer. Worked with Hawkings. | |||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1970's | United States | Thorne, Kip | Time travel | ||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1970's | United States | Apollo program | |||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1970's | United States | Guth, Alan | Inflationary theory of universe in moments after big bang. Man made universes | ||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1976 | United States | Voyager probes. | |||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1976 | United States | Viking 1 and 2 space probes. | |||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1980's | United States | Sagan, Carl | Popularizes astronomy with "Cosmos" book and television show. | ||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1980's | United States | Smolin, Lee | Multiverses | ||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1980's - 90's | United States | Kakku, Michio | String theory | ||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1980's - 90's | United States | Green, Brian | String theory | ||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1981 | United States | Space shuttle first mission. Eventually space shuttles Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavor. | |||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1986 | United States | Space shuttle Challenger explodes. | |||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1990's | Hubble Space Telescope. | ||||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1990's | Evidence for black holes. Black holes common. Almost every galaxy has a black hole. | ||||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1992 | COBE. | ||||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1994 | Shoemaker-Levy comet hits Jupiter. | ||||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1995 | Hubble Deep Field photo of galaxies. | ||||
| Science, astronomy | c. 1995 | First planets found outside our solar system. | ||||
| Science, astronomy | c. 2000 | ISS. International Space Station. | ||||
| Science, astronomy | c. 2000 | United States | Pathfinder missions to Mars | |||
| Science, astronomy | c. 2003 | United States | Space shuttle crashes. | |||
| Science, astronomy | c. 2003 | WMAP | ||||
| Science, astronomy | c. 2005 | United States | Comet hit with space probe. | |||
| Science, astronomy | Refracting telescope. | |||||
| Science, astronomy | Gamma ray telescope | |||||
| Science, astronomy | Germany | Herschel, John | ||||
| Science, astronomy | Germany | Herschel, Caroline | ||||
| Science, astronomy | Kuiper | Discoverd the Kuiper belt, source of asteroids. | ||||
| Science, astronomy | Oort, J | Discovered the Oort cloud, source of comets. | ||||
| Science, astronomy | Xray telescope | |||||
| Science, astronomy | Radio telescope | |||||
| Science, astronomy | Reflecting telescope | |||||
| Science, astronomy | Hale, G.E. | |||||
| Science, astronomy | England | Hawking, Stephen | Black holes. | |||
| Science, astronomy | Eddington, A.S. | |||||
| Science, astronomy | Infra-red telescope | |||||
| Science, biology | History of life | c. -50000 | 50,000. The ice ages. | |||
| Science, biology | History of life | c. -50000 | 50,000. Homo Sapiens populate the Far East and the Americas. | |||
| Science, biology | History of life | c. -75000000 | First precursors to modern primates like lemurs and tarsiers. | |||
| Science, biology | History of life | Extinction of dinosaurs. 60 million. Dinosaurs extinct due to meteorite in gulf of Mexico. Start of rise of mammals. | ||||
| Science, biology | History of life | First land plants. | ||||
| Science, biology | History of life | First birds | ||||
| Science, biology | History of life | Later dinosaurs | ||||
| Science, biology | History of life | First fish | ||||
| Science, biology | History of life | Multi cell life | ||||
| Science, biology | History of life | First life on earth. 3 billion years ago. | ||||
| Science, biology | History of life | Start of dinosaur age, perhaps due to a meteorite changing the climate | ||||
| Science, biology | History of life | First precursors to modern higher apes like chimps, gorillas, orangutans. | ||||
| Science, biology | History of life | First mammals | ||||
| Science, biology | History of life | First reptiles | ||||
| Science, biology | History of life | Dinosaurs | ||||
| Science, biology | History of life | Marine life | ||||
| Science, biology | History of life | First bacteria, then plants, then animals, then mammals. | ||||
| Science, biology | History of life | Life on earth started in the oceans. | ||||
| Science, biology | History of life | First amphibians | ||||
| Science, biology | History of life | First land animals. Animals walked onto land, a salamander type creature. | ||||
| Science, biology | History of life | First marine plants. | ||||
| Science, biology | History of life | Single cell life | ||||
| Science, biology | History of life | Dinosaurs are a type of reptile | ||||
| Science, biology | History of life | First precursors to modern monkeys | ||||
| Science, biology | History of life | Early dinosaurs | ||||
| Science, biology | History of life | Land life. | ||||
| Science, biology | History of life | First marine animals | ||||
| Science, biology | Physical anthropology | c. -10000 to -5000 | Domestication of plants and animals. Farming and herding. Irrigation. Plowing. Seed. Food surpluses. Milk, leather, meat. | |||
| Science, biology | Physical anthropology | c. -10000 to -5000 | Settled life in villages, towns and cities. Specialization of labor. Hierarchical class societies. Population levels rise. Artisans. Pottery, metalwork, carpenters, weavers. Traders, merchants, business, money. Military, soldiers. Administrators, bureaucracy, taxes, government, politicians, politics. Writing. Scribes. Priests. | |||
| Science, biology | Physical anthropology | c. -12000 | Humans reach Americas | |||
| Science, biology | Physical anthropology | c. -150000 | Homo Sapiens | |||
| Science, biology | Physical anthropology | c. -1500000 | Humans leave Africa and reach Middle East and Asia. | |||
| Science, biology | Physical anthropology | c. -1500000 | Homo erectus. "Java man". | |||
| Science, biology | Physical anthropology | c. -2000000 | Homo neanderthalis. Neanderthals extinct by 30,000 years ago. No indication that they lived or bred with Homo Sapiens. | |||
| Science, biology | Physical anthropology | c. -2000000 | Homo ergaster | |||
| Science, biology | Physical anthropology | c. -2500000 | Homo habilis | |||
| Science, biology | Physical anthropology | c. -2500000 | Hominines | |||
| Science, biology | Physical anthropology | c. -2500000 | Homo rudolfensis | |||
| Science, biology | Physical anthropology | c. -30000 | Neanderthals. Extinct by around 30,000 years ago. Did Homo Sapiens interbreed with Neanderthals? | |||
| Science, biology | Physical anthropology | c. -3000000 | Homo erectus. Larger brain. Tool use. | |||
| Science, biology | Physical anthropology | c. -4500000 | Australopithecus afarensis. "Lucy" East Africa. Bipedal and upright. Opposable thumbs. | |||
| Science, biology | Physical anthropology | c. -50000 | Humans reach Australia in boats. | |||
| Science, biology | Physical anthropology | c. -50000 | A series of ice ages. Hunter gatherer bands. | |||
| Science, biology | Physical anthropology | c. -500000 | Homo heidelbergenis | |||
| Science, biology | Physical anthropology | c. -500000 | Humans reache Europe | |||
| Science, biology | Physical anthropology | c. -5000000 | Austalopithecenes. | |||
| Science, biology | Physical anthropology | c. -5000000 | First hominids. Rise of humans. Development of language. Stone tools. | |||
| Science, biology | Physical anthropology | c. -6000000? | Walking upright on two legs occur (bipedal locomotion). | |||
| Science, biology | c. 1800's | Species collecting. Plants and animals. | ||||
| Science, biology | c. 1800's | Schwann | Cell theory of life. | |||
| Science, biology | c. 1850's | Mendel, Gregor | Heredity. Hybrids. Genetics. | |||
| Science, biology | c. 1850's | Darwin, Charles | Evolution. Natural selection. | |||
| Science, biology | c. 1904 | Morgan, Thomas Hunt | Fruit fly experiments lead to advances in genetics. | |||
| Science, biology | c. 1930's | Viruses discovered. | ||||
| Science, biology | c. 1950's | Watson and Crick | Structure of DNA. Double helix. | |||
| Science, biology | c. 1960's | Hamilton, W. D. | Combining game strategy and evolutionary theory to explain animal behavior. | |||
| Science, biology | c. 1965 | Pauling, Linux | Molecular clock dating. | |||
| Science, biology | c. 1970's | Ecology. Gaia theory. Earth Day. | ||||
| Science, biology | c. 1972 | Berg, Paul | DNA splicing. | |||
| Science, biology | c. 1980's | Mullis, Kary | Recombinant DNA technology. | |||
| Science, biology | c. 1990's | Prions discovered. | ||||
| Science, biology | c. 2000 | Human Genome Project. Cloning. Gene therapy. Designer genes. | ||||
| Science, biology | Ehrlich, Paul | |||||
| Science, biology | Krebs | Discovers Kreb cycle. | ||||
| Science, biology | Dawkins, Richard | Selfish gene. | ||||
| Science, biology | Discovery of viruses. | |||||
| Science, biology | Wilson, E. O. | Sociobiology. Consilience. Biodiversity. | ||||
| Science, biology | Tinbergen, NIko | Ethology. Animal behavior. | ||||
| Science, biology | Gould, Stephen Jay | Evolutionary theory. Punctuated equilibrium. | ||||
| Science, biology | Ridley, Matt | Evolutionary psychology. | ||||
| Science, biology | Genetically modified foods. | |||||
| Science, biology | Hooke | Discovery of cells under microscope. | ||||
| Science, biology | Burgess shale discovered in Canada. Cambrian era fossils. | |||||
| Science, biology | 2010? Recover extinct species from DNA fragments? Genetically modified humans? | |||||
| Science, biology | Classification of life by using genetic mapping. | |||||
| Science, biology | Artistotle. | Study of plants and animals. Genus and species. | ||||
| Science, biology | Lorenz, Konrad | Ethology. Animal behavior. | ||||
| Science, biology | Linnaeus | Classification of plants and animals. | ||||
| Science, biology | Haldane, J. B. | |||||
| Science, biology | Mayr, Ernst | |||||
| Science, biology | Pasteur, Louis | Germ theory. Pasteurization. | ||||
| Science, biology | Harvey | Human anatomy and physiology. | ||||
| Science, biology | Van Leuenok | Invents microscope. Sees microorganisms. | ||||
| Science, biology | Galen | Galen. Study of medicine. | ||||
| Science, chemistry | c. 1611 | Boyle | Defines conceptsw of elements and compounds. States gas laws. | |||
| Science, chemistry | c. 1756 | Black | Chemical weights. | |||
| Science, chemistry | c. 1774 | Priestley | Discovers many gases. | |||
| Science, chemistry | c. 1800's | Davy, Humphrey | Nitrous oxide. | |||
| Science, chemistry | c. 1808 | Dalton, John | Atomic theory. | |||
| Science, chemistry | c. 1811 | Avogadro | Avogadro's law; mole. | |||
| Science, chemistry | c. 1828 | Wohler | Organic chemistry. | |||
| Science, chemistry | c. 1850 | Pasteur | Chirality. | |||
| Science, chemistry | c. 1850's | Spectroscope. | ||||
| Science, chemistry | c. 1868 | Meneleev | Periodic table. | |||
| Science, chemistry | c. 1900's | Paper chromatography. | ||||
| Science, chemistry | c. 1900's | Ehrlich | Magic bullet idea. | |||
| Science, chemistry | c. 1960's | Corey | Retrosynthetic analysis. Building large organic molecules. | |||
| Science, chemistry | c. 1980's | Designer molecules. Buckeyballs. | ||||
| Science, chemistry | Vant Hoff | Stereo chemistry | ||||
| Science, chemistry | Spectrochemistry. | |||||
| Science, chemistry | Arrhenius, S. | |||||
| Science, chemistry | Cavendish | Shows water is made of hydrogen and oxygen. | ||||
| Science, chemistry | Fisher | Structure of glucose; organic chemistry. | ||||
| Science, chemistry | Lavoisier, Antoine | Shows air is a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen. | ||||
| Science, earth science | c. 1790's | Philips | Names Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras. | |||
| Science, earth science | c. 1830's | Lyell, Charles | Principles of Geology. | |||
| Science, earth science | c. 1900's | Paterson, Clair | Determines age of earth. | |||
| Science, earth science | c. 1912 | Wegener, Alfred | Continental drift. A single continent, Pangaea, split into seven continents. | |||
| Science, earth science | c. 1913 | Holmes, Arthur | Radioactive dating. | |||
| Science, earth science | c. 1921 | Matuyama | Changes in earths magnetic polarity. | |||
| Science, earth science | c. 1947 | Libby | Radiocarbon dating. | |||
| Science, earth science | c. 1960's | Hess, Harry | Sea floor spreading. | |||
| Science, earth science | c. 1980's | Hoffman, Paul | Snowball earth theory. | |||
| Science, earth science | c. 1980's | Alvarez, Walter | Meteorite killed the dinosaurs. | |||
| Science, earth science | The discovery of a round (not flat) earth. | |||||
| Science, earth science | Age of Exploration. Mapping of the earth. | |||||
| Science, environmental | Environmental disasters | c. 1950's | Thalidomide. | |||
| Science, environmental | Environmental disasters | c. 1978 | Love Canal | |||
| Science, environmental | Environmental disasters | c. 1984 | Bhopal | |||
| Science, environmental | Environmental disasters | c. 1986 | Chernobyl | |||
| Science, environmental | Environmental disasters | c. 1991 | Iraq dumps oil in gulf. Oil well fires. | |||
| Science, environmental | Environmental disasters | Asbestos | ||||
| Science, environmental | Environmental disasters | Smog | ||||
| Science, environmental | Environmental disasters | Smoking causes cancer, but cigarette makers deny it. | ||||
| Science, environmental | Environmental disasters | Acid Rain | ||||
| Science, environmental | Environmental progress | c. 1800's | John Muir | |||
| Science, environmental | Environmental progress | c. 1872 | Yellowstone is world's first national park | |||
| Science, environmental | Environmental progress | c. 1940's | Leopold, Aldo | Sand County Almanac. | ||
| Science, environmental | Environmental progress | c. 1960 | Carson, Rachel | Silent Spring. | ||
| Science, environmental | Environmental progress | c. 1960's | DDT banned after almost making the bald eagle extinct. | |||
| Science, environmental | Environmental progress | c. 1969 | EPA formed | |||
| Science, environmental | Environmental progress | c. 1992 | Rio conference. | |||
| Science, environmental | Environmental progress | c. 1997 | Kyoto Protocol. | |||
| Science, environmental | Environmental progress | c. 2000's | Hybrid cars. Fuel cell cars. | |||
| Science, environmental | Environmental progress | c. 2000's | Solar power. Wind power | |||
| Science, environmental | c. 1970's | United States | Organic health foods: Alfalfa sprouts, tofu, soy, macrobiotics | |||
| Science, environmental | c. 1970's | United States | Energy crisis. Oil prices rise. Smaller cars more popular. | |||
| Science, environmental | c. 1970's | United States | Earth Day | |||
| Science, environmental | c. 1979 | United States | Three Mile Island nuclear accident. | |||
| Science, environmental | c. 1989 | United States | Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska. | |||
| Science, environmental | c. 1990's | World | Global warming continues due to human impact primarily from the developed world. | |||
| Science, physics | c. 1630's | Galileo | Acceleration. Dropped ball off building. | |||
| Science, physics | c. 1665 | England | Newton, Issac | Law of gravity. Three laws of motion. Nature of light. | ||
| Science, physics | c. 1678 | Huygens | Wave theory of light. | |||
| Science, physics | c. 1831 | England | Faraday, Michael | Magnetism. | ||
| Science, physics | c. 1864 | Maxwell, James Clerk | Links electricity and magnetism. | |||
| Science, physics | c. 1900's | Curie, Madam | X-rays. Radioactivity. Produced naturally by what? Produced artificially by what? | |||
| Science, physics | c. 1900's | Roentgen, Wilhelm | Discovers x-rays. | |||
| Science, physics | c. 1900's | Plank, Max | Quanta. | |||
| Science, physics | c. 1900's | Becquerel, Henri | Discovers radioactivity. | |||
| Science, physics | c. 1900's | Germany | Einstein, Albert | Relativity. General theory of relativity. Special theory of relativity. | ||
| Science, physics | c. 1910's | Rutherford, Ernst | Atomic structure. Discovers nucleus of atom. Works on radioactivity. Natural uranium. | |||
| Science, physics | c. 1910's | Bohr, Niels | Atomic structure. | |||
| Science, physics | c. 1910's | Milkian | Electron. | |||
| Science, physics | c. 1920's | Germany | Heisenberg | Quantum physics. Uncertainty principle. | ||
| Science, physics | c. 1920's | Dirac | Quantum theory. | |||
| Science, physics | c. 1920's | Germany | Schroedinger, Erwin | Quantum physics. Schroedinger's equation. Schroedinger's cat. | ||
| Science, physics | c. 1920's | Pauli, Wolfgang | Exclusion principle for electrons. | |||
| Science, physics | c. 1920's | Born, Max | Born. 1920's. Quantum theory. | |||
| Science, physics | c. 1920's | De Broglie | Matter = waves. | |||
| Science, physics | c. 1940's | United States | Feynman, Richard | QED. Quantum Electro Dynamics. | ||
| Science, physics | c. 1940's | Oppenheimer, Robert | Atomic fission. Atomic bomb. | |||
| Science, physics | c. 1940's | Germany | Bethe, Hans | Atomic fission. Atomic bomb. | ||
| Science, physics | c. 1940's | Slizard, Leo | Atomic fission. Atomic bomb. | |||
| Science, physics | c. 1940's | Fermi Enrico | Atomic fission. Atomic bomb. | |||
| Science, physics | c. 1950's | Teller, Edward | Atomic fusion. Hydrogen bomb. | |||
| Science, physics | c. 1950's | England | Dyson, Freeman | Unifies QED. | ||
| Science, physics | c. 1960's | United States | Gell-Mann, Murray | Quarks. | ||
| Science, physics | c. 1967 | United States | Weinberg, Stephen | Unifies two of the four forces | ||
| Science, physics | c. 1974 | Glashow | QCD. | |||
| Science, physics | c. 1980's | Greene, Brian | String theory. | |||
| Science, physics | c. 1980's | United States | Kakku, Michio | String theory. | ||
| Science, physics | c. 1997 | Quantum teleportation is demonstrated. | ||||
| Science, physics | van der Waals | |||||
| Science, physics | United States | Wheeler, J. | ||||
| Science, physics | Dalton, John | Atomic theory. | ||||
| Science, physics | Mach, Ernst | |||||
| Science, physics | Cavendish | |||||
| Science, physics | Franklin, Benjamin | Kite flying experiment. | ||||
| Science, physics | Boyle | Gas laws. | ||||
| Science, physics | Kelvin | Kelvin scale. | ||||
| Science, physics | Lawrence, Ernest | Invents cyclotron. | ||||
| Science, physics | Hawkings, Stephen | |||||
| Science, physics | United States | Witten, Edward | String theory. | |||
| Science, physics | Boltzman, Ludwig | |||||
| Science, physics | France | Lavoisier, Antoine | Gases. |